Corporate Finance Company Profile of PepsiCo Essay

Corporate Finance Company Profile of PepsiCo - Essay Example Pepsi is working on heightened regulatory and market scrutiny of corporate governance practices in order to communicate and represent the organization in a manner that pleases the shareholders, utilizing resources in a new and evolving compliance environment. Management should be eyeing the macro factors like Government’s policies, competition and tax rates where they operate a business because local, national or international jurisdictions and new or changing regulations might create hurdle in their way. Company’s strong point is that they have sharpened their focus on sales, service and customer orientation and are eagerly looking forward to improving its product and service quality. In order to retain its market share in every possible manner, the management is keen on maintaining the performance momentum and competitive advantage in the marketplace. There has been a positive increment in cash and cash equivalent in the year 2008 in comparison with the year 2007 and 2006. The sole reason behind this is the decrease in investment in the securities .Moreover, holding of the short-term borrowing makes an impression on cash and cash equivalents. Pepsi utilizes its reserve or liquid cash in a profitable manner because Pepsi makes an investment in securities, which in the end makes a profit for the company. The utilization of cash for investment purposes also shows in the current and quick ratio, and is a healthy sign for the company’s future prospect. In the year 2008 and 2007 no significant moment is observed in fixed assets of the Pepsi. Pepsi has applied proper inventory management techniques and policies. Due to the high demand of the company product, less percentage of inventories is in hand, and the inventory turnover is also evidence of proper inventory system adopted by the Pepsi throughout these three years (Myers, Bre aley and Marcus, 2001). Pepsi is primarily financing their activities through debt.

Impact Of The Super Bowl On A City Tourism Essay

Impact Of The Super Bowl On A City Tourism Essay Executive summary Its no doubt that American football and the Super Bowl event for that matter is a multi-million dollar business. Most estimates put its contribution to host cuties economies consistently over $300 million. A good number of Americans follow events that shape the sport and contribute to its well being in one way or the other. Besides the benefits that the players and industry regulators reap there are numerous other ways that ordinary people benefit. Entertainment is one such avenue but the biggest of them all is the economic impact that the event brings to the host city This paper seeks to examine the economic impacts that come along with the hosting of the event. The direct and indirect impacts that are accrued from activities that surround the staging of the championship run into millions of dollars. There is significant investment from the authorities that is required for the success of the championship. The authorities then benefit fro revenue collection and improvement of infrastructure. The event also accords the host city business opportunities that local individuals and companies exploit to boost the local economy. Documented evidence and critical reviews on the economic impact of Super Bowl exist. This provided the basis of this research as the starting point and the fleshing up of the conclusions arrived. The paper dwells mainly on the background, statistical evidence as well as the sectors benefit as direct result of the staging of Super Bowl. The contents of this paper aides the conclusion at the end of it. This is the general idea that can be deduced from the whole findings that are contained in the paper. Introduction Sports are today an integral part in the development of nations. Its an income earner for many people both directly and indirectly. In Europe soccer is the major sport developed through the various soccer leagues in Europe. Rugby is common too in Europe as is cricket in Asia (Layden, 2005). In the United States basket ball, base ball and American football form the top cream of sports business entertainment and business. They are huge money minting machines that responsible for the generation of millions in taxes to the authorities hence playing a big part in economic development. The Super Bowl is perhaps the biggest and most unique annual sporting events that take place in the United States. This is the final game of the national football league championship which can comfortably claim to be the most watched television broadcast in the US. It holds such significance in the American culture that some consider it an unofficial holiday. The Super Bowl Sunday, the day that the game is staged is the second biggest food consumption day in the United States only next to thanks giving day. That translates to a big boost in food businesses and others as well. Besides the game which is the star attraction of the event, there has been the cooption of various performances from artists. The artists perform during the pre-game and half times. Its importance is well demonstrated when the campaign of the then senator Barrack Obama bought airtime in various networks 30 minutes before the Super Bowl to advertise his policies. Television channels have used the Super Bowl time to introduce series of the programs that the want to attract huge followings Its not lost to any casual observer that the Super Bowl has importance that stretches beyond the field and beyond the mare fact that its a popular game. To many the hosting presents a windfall of opportunities. The impacts of the game span past sports to culture and the economy. That has always been the subject of debate from the games administrators to commentators and independent observers. According to Depken and Wilson (2003), the viewership of the Super Bowl is estimated to be close to 100 million people worldwide and a potential of one billion. That can easily rival the FIFA soccer World Cup and the Olympic. While it has not acquired the status of the above two, the economic impact that the event is likely to bless a host city with is unprecedented. That is besides other advantages like the chance to revamp its infrastructure and improve its security. Economists have always dismissed that the economic impact that the Super Bowl brings to the host city may a fraction of what its normally touted to be. But that is subject to debate (Feinstein, 2007). Extensive studies are carried out every year to determine the economic impacts that championship game brings to the host city. However there appears to be consensus among attendees, local business leaders, and corporate planners that its beneficial to host the event, whichever way one looks at it. Purpose With super bowl comes a host of opportunities for the companies that win time to advertise and those that manufacture anything associated with the staging of the event. Of particular importance however is the benefit that the host city reaps from the staging of the event. The economic impact on the city can be enormous and careful planning may ensure the netting of a good amount of revenue besides the publicity that the city gets. The current NFL policy is to stage the Super Bowl in a city that has an NFL franchise. Cities normally bid fro the hosting and they are determined five years before the game is played. Currently the cities have been determined up to the year 2013. There has been a string of criticism that the figures and projections that are presented by NFL to the host cites are not based on reality. The purpose of this paper therefore is to shed some light into the whole issue of the economic impact of the host city of Super Bowl. This research will seek to determine the economic impact that the Host city receives. All dimensions are examined, the merits and demerits as far as its economy is concerned. Background Football has been played in the US for a long time just like other sports like baseball. Professional football in the United States began in the year 1920. Super Bowl the premier event of the game-Super Bowl championship however is relatively young having been played for the first time in 1967 (Schwartz, 1998). Since then the event has acquired elevation to one of the most valued sports traditions in the history of sports. Super Bowl is the football game that is played annually to determine the champion of the National Football League. Winners from the American Football Conference championship game and the National Football Conference face each other in the run up to the National Football League playoffs. The merger agreement between the American football league and the national football league saw the creation of the Super Bowl. The NFL has a long history dating back to the 1920s while the AFL started gaining dominance in the 1960s. There was as a result intense rivalry between the two leagues in regards to fans, players and control of the game. To avoid financial ruin, the two rivals decided to engage in talks in 1966 which resulted in the subsequent merger. Since then it has become a national pastime activity whose popularity is rivaled by few events in America. The Pittsburgh Steelers is the team that has won the most Super Bowls- six while the Dallas cowboys and the San Francisco have both won five each Data collection The findings and conclusions that were made in this research paper were very dependent on data. There was no field research conducted, however secondary data form books, scholarly research articles and the internet was used in this research. All sources were included in the in text citation and the bibliography at the end of the paper. General figures The figures associated with Super Bowl indicate clearly why the event is an important one in American culture and business, most importantly the host city. Its the most watched television program every year in the country. 40% of all households in the US tune to television during the game as are 60% of all homes (St. John, 2009). Close to 90 million Americans tune into the Super Bowl game while another close to 120 million partially doing so. Hallmark Cards Inc rates Super Bowl as the number one home party event every year, perhaps bigger than New Years Eve. Wenner (2005) reveals that its the biggest eating day in the U.S apart from thanks giving day. 15,000 tonnes of chips and four thousand tones of popcorn are consumed in homes during the Super Bowl. Avocado which is essential for the preparation of guacamole is another type of food that is widely consumed on super Sunday. According to the California avocado commission, twelve million avocados are sold in preparation for the game. Figures available on the impact of the Super Bowl indicate that cities experience economic impacts amounting to millions of dollars. In 1994 Atlanta Georgia made 166 million dollars from the Super Bowl, Miami made 365 million in1995; phoenix reaped 306 million in 1996 while New Orleans raked in 200 million in 1997. Others include 295 million for San Diego in 1998,336 million for Huston Texas in 204 and 372 million for Detroit Michigan in 2006. Economic impact For the host city to be determined it has to be appealing to tourist, sponsors and spectators. That is besides being a franchise city of the NFL (Depken Wilson, 2003). The NFL, local governments and various associations of hotels and restaurants normally predict the economic impact that the hosting will have on the city (Depken Wilson, 2003). This mainly takes into account the expenditure that the city is likely to incur while determining the real benefits that it will get. For instance the police and fire departments are paid for the overtime hours that they work to ensure safety and security is maintained. The spending is done according to the projected impact and the extent to which the prevailing economy can allow. Tampa Bay had to scale back spending on the Super Bowl due to the state of the current state of the economy. The potential positive impact on the local economy is the major incentive for the city that is hosting the Super Bowl. Economists generally estimate that super bowl always has had an impact of between $300- $400 million on the host citys economy (Coates Humphreys, 2002) There are direct and indirect impacts that come with the event, which can also be long-term and short-term as well (Christopher Peters, 2006). In simple layman terms, the sum total comprise of the economic impact of the Super Bowl on the host city (Polzer, 2003). The direct impacts come form the spending by the various participants while indirect impacts are the multiplier effect the is felt way after the event is done. The money that was spent locally is re-spent again leading to additional rounds of spending (Wenner, 2005). Indirect impacts also include rise in local residents incomes due to the activities associated with the game as well as the dollars that are withdrawn form the local economy. Further the direct impacts comprise of the large scale purchase of goods by companies mainly from local producers and manufacturers (Depken Wilson, 2003) The economic impacts of any sporting event are usually measured in terms of the increase in revenue collection for the authorities and individual business that help sustain it. Direct and indirect expenditure is also factored in. Super Bowl is a unique event that cannot be really compared to any type of sport. However the economic impact that it breeds is comparable to those other world events mentioned earlier. The above statistics paint a rosy picture of the Super Bowl event and day. They are not exaggerated in any way meaning they can translate to real economic benefits on the ground. The host city will have to reevaluate its entire system to be able to deal with the needs of the traveling fans that flock to town for the Super Bowl. The economic impact of the city is more or less positive because of the increased consumption of goods and services that are as a direct result of the temporary population explosion. Overall the change in economic activity associated with the event is the most appropriate indicator of the benefits. Its arrived at by multiplying the direct impacts by the multiplier and adding the result to the direct impacts. To be more precise the economic activities that result into the benefits in the local economies have been highlighted in the following section. Tourism Tourism is one of the major income earners especially for any authorities that enjoy any degree of autonomy. Tourism is boosted by various events that attract record numbers of people. Sports events like Super Bowl are some of them. There is always an influx of visitors mainly traveling fans to the super bowl host city. A joint commissioned study by the NFL and the Sport Management Research Institute in 1999 concluded that the average expenditure of attendees who flocked to the south Florida Super Bowl were double the expenditure of tourists during the peak season of that place (Leiker, 2005).These comprise of the majority of tourists that visit the city during that particular time. The locals who take breaks from their work to watch the event to some extent comprise of the domestic tourists of the city. According to Price Water House Coopers, Indianapolis that is bidding to host the event in 2011 will receive over 98,000 visitors and approximately $131 million in direct spending from the visitors and the locals. An estimated 95600 people visited Atlanta during the Super Bowl period. Huston was estimated to have received close to 90,000 visitors during its Super Bowl (Layden, 2005). The direct impact as a result of the sporting event is widespread spending by the local residents as well as tourist. In Tampa Bay for instance hospitality and tourism industry activities as a result of the Super Bowl XLIII were estimated to generate approximately $150 million in direct spending. In past championships, the same activities generated $195 million in phoenix and Miami. Detroit generated $118 million, $ 124 million for Jacksonville in 2005 and $ 135 million for Huston in 2004 all from direct spending form tourist and hospitality activities as result of the staging of the Super Bowl (Depken Wilson, 2003). They spend on hotels, rental cars, taxis and visits to local attractions. The expenditure that is pumped into the city/s coffers from accommodation, food and other tourist activities is the boon that is capitalized on most. According to Schwartz (1998), most hotels report 100% booking rate in the period on the run up to the games a few days after. Bed occupancy and demand for the provision of other services are critical in the revenue generation of hotels that are involved during the Super Bowl. Shopping Its an unofficial fact among all sports fans, Super Bowl fans are the biggest spendthrifts there are today. Commodity prices rise due to the market forces of demand. Some traders too cash in on the event with modest price increments that translate to the increase in revenue. Many retail chains in the host cities find it economically viable when the Super Bowl is held in their city. They are among the direct beneficiaries of the free spending habits of the traveling fans and tourists. The impact it has on their sales cannot be missed. The week before the Super Bowl always sees a surge in shopping that pumps quite a good amount of money into the economy. Americans spend close to one million man hours doing shopping mainly for food items that are consumed during the game. That has always been the trend and indications show that it getting bigger whether there is a recession or not. The event is big food eating event and shoppers are estimated to spend at least $55 million on food alone. Infrastructure China invested heavily in the build up to the Olympics; South Africa is involved in massive up gradation n of infrastructure ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The same trend can be seen in Brazil and London who are in line to stage the Olympics as well. The same scenario is common in the build up to NFL games. Its a critical component that is a must for the any successful staging. Huge investments from local authorities, NFL and individuals in preparation to the staging of the Super Bowl provide the stimulus money that is needed to boost the local economies. The successful attraction of the event to the host city calls for the capability for the host city to provide the venue, hotels, and transport and entertainment facilities. Public health and safety facilities re also renovated to meet the demand that comes with the people attending the event (Feinstein, 2007). An increased need to renovate infrastructure fro such an event forces the authorities to repair them this ensure a positive long-term effect for the local economy log after the Super Bowl is gone. Roads, pavements and public utilities like parks are upgraded to be able to accommodate the high numbers of travelers entering the city. The stadium where the event is staged is the single biggest infrastructure activity that the host city carries. It has to meet the minimum requirements that the NFL sets. The authorities inject substantial amounts of money normally in hundreds of millions into the economies in the efforts to renovate the NFL stadiums. Since 1995 through 2003 604 billion dollars has been spent on renovating twenty one NFL stadiums (Leiker, 2005). The renovation is a source of numerous jobs that boost the citys employment rate. Publicity There is always a media blitz that accompanies such a sporting event with a national following. The kind of publicity that the host city gets is enough to boost its image among attendee and non attendees. Prospective investors and tourists get a chance for an in-depth review of the cities potential. The city is therefore saved millions in terms of advertising itself as premier business or tourist destination. Jobs With such an event the demand for labor rises. This leads to the creation of jobs that are needed in the overall preparation pf the event. They range from skilled experts to part-time social workers who tend to visitors new to the city. These experts normally sourced locally comprise of construction workers, planners and organizers. The Super Bowl is thought to create an estimated minimum of 500 jobs any time that its staged. In other cases there have been statistics that suges5t that in fact the event creates far more jobs than its reported. According to Christopher and Peters (2006) the event created over 2700 jobs in Atlanta Georgia besides the $166 million that it pumped into the economy. That is quite the most direct impact that the host city feels. Though most of these jobs are short-term and part-time, there is good compensation that comes along with it that makes them economically viable. Local authorities hire residents for the jobs thus helping in the retention and circulation of the money in the local economy. Confidence building The successful staging of such a sports event like Super Bowl build confidence in the management of the city. Together with the publicity that the city gets pairs up to ensure long-term success of the economic ventures of the city. Criticism However no everyone agrees with the notion that Super Bowl is an economic resuscitating machine in the host city. There is some positives but not as they are put forward by industry players. They have presented their case with researches that advance reasons why they think that is the case. Some scholars have accused the NFL of inflating the figures that are presented to cities that are bidding to host the event. They assert that the economic impact is not as big as its meant to look on paper. The figures according to them are presented to be ale to convince reluctant cities into accepting the NFL proposals. There is a general agreement among the critical scholars that the estimates normally never go beyond gross measures. There is also a feeling among these scholars that the multiplier effect they economists use to estimate the economic impact of sports events may not be accurate after all and it pants the incorrect picture as far as the benefits are concerned. Further more the use of expenditure multipliers is not clear in cases like where for instance hotels are owned by a nationwide chain. It does not clearly articulate the fraction of the revenue that remains and circulates in the particular locality where expenditure occurs. The average impact is likely to be a quarter of or less the estimates that are presented by the NFL. According to Leiker (2005), several factors lead to the wrongful estimation of the economic impact of the Super Bowl. Investigator bias and data measurement error rank high as some of the leading factors that are used influence the inaccurate presentation of economic impact figures. Capacity constraint and changing product relationships are the other factors that Porter came up with. He arrived at the conclusion after reviewing the available short-term data on sales receipts for a number of Super Bowls. Polzer (2003) postulates that, after examining twenty five Super Bowls from 1973-1977 concluded that Super Bowl was only responsible for the creation of 535 jobs. The economic impact of the game according to them was not in the hundreds of millions but roughly 30 million dollars. That represented roughly a tenth of the figure that NFL touted. On the same note, Coates and Humphrey (2002) examined the post season play in all American sports. They concluded that hosting the Super Bowl had little or no statistical impact on the per capita income of the city residents where the championship was staged. Conclusion The following facts are clear from the findings above. That millions of dollars are received as revenue by authorities and individuals of the host city of the Super Bowl event That, there are jobs created due to the staging of the event in the city that that is the host. These clearly are indicators of positive outcomes of the event on the economy of the city. There is a long-term positive economic effect that the host city enjoys after the event is over. This is from the publicity that comes along with the staging of the championship game. The improvement of infrastructure certainly bodes well for the host city since it will not need to undergo major renovations should the event or an equivalent come up again. Whether or not the figures that are presented in the by civilian and sports authorities are real, remains to the subject of discussion. Even if they do not amount into the proportions that are presented there must be some net benefit that is realized from the successful staging of a Super Bowl championship game. The event still has a lot of potential that has yet to be tapped. The numerous studies that have been conducted provide the pointers as to where the weaknesses are and what needs to be done. Though its not guaranteed that the event can be staged in any particular city, the earnings from the sport can be improved. That is what the future host cities need to focus on.

Fried Green Tomatoes :: essays research papers

Fried Green Tomatoes At The Whistle Stop Café "HER ORIGINAL NAME was Patricia Neal"(Reynolds1), but the author of Fried Green Tomatoes is better known under the alias: Fannie Flagg. In the novel Fried Green Tomatoes she uniquely compares the modern day world to the world in the early and the middle 1900’s. As the novel shifts from the 1930’s to the 1980’s the significance of life is seen through two of the main characters, Mrs. Cleo Threadgoode and Evelyn Couch, as life ends and begins. Fannie Flagg shows that living life to its fullest indeed has its consequences, but is the only way to live a happy life without regrets. From her start in the late 1920’s Mrs. Cleo Threadgoode knew a little girl by the name of Imogene but everyone called her Idgie. Idgie was one of the Threadgoodes and back in Whistle Stop the name Threadgoode was a good name to have. They were the basic life of this little town in Alabama. The Threadgoodes were people known and well liked by the rest of the sparsely populated area. The name she carried did not stop Idgie from doing whatever she wanted to do whenever she wanted to do it. "Idgie used to do all kinds of harebrained things just to get you to laugh. She put poker chips in the collection basket at the Baptist church once. She was a character all right†¦"(12). This shows that nothing would stop Idgie from doing her pranks and having her laughs. Maybe she was lectured by her priest or by her parents but she didn’t regret it. Idgie was concerned with the present, not the past or the future. Of course she had her hardship that wouldn’t let her forget, like when her brother Buddy died, and she even looked forward to a day, but she lived in the present. She lived life for the moment. "Now, seriously, Idgie, I’m not trying to run your business or anything, but I just want to know if you’re saving any money, that’s all. What for? Idgie said. Listen, money will kill you, you know that"(31). This shows that Idgie was not concerned with what tomorrow will bring and if she is prepared for it or not. It also shows that Idgie is not concerned with wealth, she is more concerned about the well being of others. This next passage gives a better impression of her pure unselfish heart.

Discuss Why Hydrogen Bonding Is Essential for Life Essay

Throughout biochemistry there are many bonds without which life as it is on earth today would not be possible. One of the most important bonds of these is the hydrogen bond, a weak chemical bond that is present in essential biological molecules such as water and polypeptides. A hydrogen bond is defined by Campbell and Reece as occurring when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom but attracted to another electronegative atom. In water molecules, there are several key reasons why hydrogen bonds can be formed and explaining them in water a good way to show the chemistry. Firstly, the presence of covalent bond between the hydrogen and the oxygen means that the electrons in the outer shells of both atoms are shared- 1 electron from hydrogen and 1 electron from oxygen. Since the 2 electrons are shared, they are free to move within the covalent bond to the atom that is the most electronegative. In the case of water, this is oxygen. As a result of the electrons moving to the oxygen side of the bond, the hydrogen becomes less electron-dense and becomes a slight positive charge known as a delta-positive charge. It is this positive charge that has the ability to attract other negatively charged objects, since opposite electrostatic charged atoms attract each other. On the oxygen atom of each water molecule there is a lone pair of electrons that are negatively charged, which makes oxygen delta-negative. This means that between water molecules, the delta-positive hydrogen of one molecule is able to attract a lone pair of electrons from the delta-negative oxygen atom of another water molecule (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 Hydrogen bonding in water A hydrogen bond, however, is comparatively weak to covalent or ionic bond, as much as 22 times time weaker [Libes 2009], so in order to explain why hydrogen bonds are so necessary in life it is perhaps not significant that hydrogen bonds are weak on their own, since the majority of their use within strong structures is facilitated by their strength as a large number of hydrogen bonds. For example, the fundamental strength of tendons and skin lies within the many hydrogen bonds in the collagen protein. For formation of collagen, the strength of hydrogen bonds is required to firstly join two amino acid chains (polypeptides) together into a helix. Three helices are then bound into a triple helix by yet more hydrogen bonds. The result is a fibrous quaternary protein structure with a high tensile strength that the mammalian skeletal muscles could not function without. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to their respective bones and we would simply not be able to move without them. Other uses of hydrogen bonds in proteins include contributing to the specific conformational shape of globular proteins, called protein folding. A precise 3D shape is required in most enzymes so that the shape of binding site (active site) is complementary to the chemical reacting with the enzyme (substrate). Hydrogen bonds are essential, along with ionic bonds, covalent bonds, disulphide bonds and hydrophobic interactions, for making secondary structures (i.e. alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets) coil into a tertiary structure. A tertiary structure, or a quaternary structure after further protein folding, can then be utilized as a specific enzyme within organisms to carry out specific metabolic reactions. It is the hydrogen bonding found in water, in fact, that makes the metabolic reactions in the human body so efficient. The slight increase of strength between water molecules caused by hydrogen bonds means that in comparison to other fluids without hydrogen bonds, water requires a lot of energy to raise the temperature of it. This is called high heat specific capacity and may be defined as the amount of energy required to change the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1C, an attribute that is especially useful when the body is actively maintaining the body temperature at 37C. Since it takes so much energy to change the temperature of water, the molecule estimated to take up 70% of an adult’s body, the core temperature of the body is resistant to fluctuations. For metabolic reactions this is very useful because it means that the enzymes can work at their optimum temperature, often the same as 37C core temperature, and thus the metabolic reactions within the body are very efficient. For every 10C below optimum temperature, the rate of successive substrate-enzyme collisions decreases by 2 to 3 times [Campbell and Reece, p862]. High specific heat capacity also benefits marine environments by resisting temperature fluctuations, which is perhaps why marine food chains are often many times longer than those of terrestrial organisms. The high heat capacity of water is one of several hydrogen-bonding attributes that benefit the marine environments, unsurprisingly, with the high surface tension and the small relative density of ice also playing a large role in how aquatic organisms survive. The high surface tension of water is perhaps best explained by relating it to close proximity of adjacent water molecules in aqueous solution. This closeness is of course caused by the numerous hydrogen bonds (Fig. 2) existing between the water molecules and is named cohesion, a word that can be defined as being united as a whole. Fig. 2 numerous hydrogen bonds As a result of the molecules being united as a whole, the top of a body of water has a membrane that is able to withstand a small downwards force before becoming pierced. The classic example of the organism that takes advantage of this phenomenon is the pond skater insect, which is able to utilize the high surface tension of lakes and ponds by walking on the surface of the water to look for prey. The other hydrogen-bonding attribute that benefits marine life especially but not exclusively is the small relative density of ice. While most liquids become denser when they change to a solid state, aqueous water gets less dense. This means that a volume of ice has a lighter mass than the same volume of its liquid counterpart and thus ice can float on top of water. The reason that ice is less dense than aqueous water lies within the microstructure of the molecules. Normally, a solid is denser than a liquid because the particles within a solid are more tightly packed together and thus more particles can fit into a given space. However, within ice, the hydrogen bonds between water molecules create a lattice structure Fig. 3 that increases the distance between the molecules. This means that less water molecules per volume exist in a solid form than as a liquid form, as much as 10% less than water at 4C [Campbell and Reece, 2008]. Fig. 3 Lattice structure Several advantages of the small relative density of ice can be observed within marine environments, such as the heat insulation that a surface sheet of ice provides and the fact that bodies of water never freeze from the bottom upwards, two essential phenomena without which many aquatic organisms would not be able to survive. It is also easy to forget that sea ice is also a habitat for sub-terrestrial organisms such as penguins and polar bears, a habitat that would not exist if ice did not float. Moving away from how hydrogen bonds benefit marine life and towards how they benefit terrestrial life, and having previously stated that water is very good at keeping the body warm at 37C, water is controversially a very good coolant. It is for the same reason that water is able to restrict temperature fluctuations that it is able to cool off the human body and other mammals. Resisting temperature change involves water’s high specific heat capacity and is the large relative energy required to change the temperature of 1g of water by 1C. This can be related to the high latent heat of vaporization, the phenomenon that makes cooling so effective, since latent heat is the heat energy lost from the body to evaporate 1g of sweat. In water the latent heat is particularly high because of the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules must be broken before liquid can change state into a gas, so more energy is required to evaporate the water and thus more heat is removed. Hydrogen bonds also play a large role in the evaporation of water from plants, called transpiration. Transpiration is the loss of water from the leaves of plants by evaporation and causes water to move into the roots up vascular tubes (xylem) within in the plant stem. This means a plant can transport water around its tissues for use in respiration and other metabolic reactions. Hydrogen bonds play a large role in transpiration in the same way that they do in the cohesion of water molecules to cause high surface tension. When water molecules are moved up the xylem vessels, they move as a whole due to the hydrogen bonding cohesive forces between the molecules. The molecules also stick to the walls of the vessels by hydrogen bonds, aiding the transport of the water furthermore. The movement of water aided by cohesion and adhesion is known as mass flow, and is the same occurrence as with sucking water through a straw. Since plants form the basis of most ecosystems as producers, hydrogen bonding plays a key part of life. Concluding, it is clear to see that without hydrogen bonds, life, as we know it today would not exist. Water makes up most of the earths surface and is perhaps the molecule that is the most essential for life- providing stable habitats for marine and terrestrial organisms as well as the transport of water in plants. The fact that most of the properties water are caused by hydrogen bonding shows how essential hydrogen bonds are for life on earth. Libes (2009). Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry. Elsevier Science and Technology. Pp28 Campbell and Reece (2008). Biology. 8th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.

Oppression From Male Dominance Essays - The Awakening, Edna

Oppression From Male Dominance Essays - The Awakening, Edna Oppression From Male Dominance ENC1102-Currin Paper #3 Oppression from Male Dominance The Awakening by Kate Chopin is a novel that focuses on a female heroine. Unlike many female heroines, Edna Pontellier does not allow her life to be surrounded by male control. Many novels of this time allow a female to be the main character but ultimately the men that surround her decide upon her fate. Rebecca Dickson wrote With Mrs. Pontellier, Chopin rejects assessing women according to their sexual status (38). Chopins novel focuses on the awakening of Edna Pontellier from oppression from male dominance. Edna Pontellier was a victim of male dominance from an early age. Her father, a colonel, was the head of her household throughout childhood. It is obvious that he made a majority of the decisions for Edna and her mother. As a child, Edna was unable to visualize a life without this oppression. It was normal, a way of life. Ednas awakening begins in her early adulthood. When she decides to marry Leonce, her father disapproves. By marrying Leonce against his wishes, she begins to break from this oppression. Little does she know that this is only a taste of what is yet to come. Edna is able to settle with Mr. Pontellier for a while before her need for freedom strikes again. She lets Leonce work while she had the children and maintains the household. While on vacation for the summer, she starts to awaken again. She begins to stop following her husbands orders. For example, Edna refuses to come inside when Leonce asks her to. He gives many reasons for her to come inside (temperature, insects) but she kindly refuses. Then, when he decides to join her outside, she goes into the house (30-31). Edna began to feel like one who awakens gradually out of a dream, a delicious, grotesque, impossible dream, to feel again the realities pressing into her soul (31-32). Chopin uses this passage to convey how Edna is feeling. She is getting a second taste of breaking from this male dominance oppression that surrounds her. The reader is left with the impression that Edna now understands what she wants. This awakening is the initial clue given to the reader that the men that s urround her will no longer oppress Edna. Once the summer comes to a close, Ednas awakening is in full bloom. She liberates herself financially by starting to paint. Leonce sees this change in her behavior but knows that there is nothing he can do to change it. When he leaves for business, Edna goes so far as to move out of their house. She informs Leonce in letter which does not ask for his permission, but simply states what her plans are and that he can be sure that she will follow through with them. The oppression that she once felt form her husband is now shattered. She has stepped up toward liberation from his male dominance, which has now controlled her life for so many years. Barbara C. Ewell wrote Ednas central insistence on her own way exposes intolerable constrictions on southern places for women (35). As Edna is breaking away from the male control of her husband, she is also entering the possibility of more male dominance from Robert. As she is also setting herself up for the possibility that the whole cycle may repeat. While Robert is gone, Edna is able to keep breaking away from male dominance by wanting to be with him. She fantasizes how she could be with Robert and not her husband, which draws into the central part of the story, her awakening from this oppression. When Robert returns, though, she makes it quite known that he will not control her either. Edna and Robert are talking in their second meeting (at the coffee house) about why Robert never made any effort to see or write Edna. His justification is that she is still owned by Leonce. She makes him aware of her new found liberation by stating, You have been a very, very foolish boy, wasting your time dreaming of impossible things when you speak of Mr. Pontellier setting me free! I am no longer one of Mr. Pontelliers possessions to dispose of or not. I give myself

Albania essays

Albania essays For many years, foreign travel to and from Albania was severely restricted. Although the country has been a tourist destination for Europeans for several years, the majority of people in the United State still know very little about this Eastern European country. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the geography, people, government and economy of Albania and to provide facts and information about this fascinating country. Albania is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas and is surrounded on its northern, eastern, and southern sides by Yugoslavia, Kosova, Maqedonia, and Greece. (www.albania.com). The country is less then 80 Km (40 miles) across the Adriatic from Italy. (www.albania.com) Albania has broad access to the sea. Its coastline has two main features: the flatter dection of the area along the Adriatic and the mountainous part of the land that borders the Ionian Sea. Albania is known as one of the most mountainous countries in Europe, with a man altitude quarter then 700 meters (2.300 feet) above sea level. The weather is cool in winter and hot in summer with a small numbers of cloudy days. Albania has population of 3.3 million (www.albania.com). Approximly 312.00 of these people live in Tirana, the countrys capital and largest city. (Background). Three major religions are practiced in Albania. Seventy percent of the people are Muslim; twenty percent are Orthodox; and ten percent are Catholic. (Background). Albania is the official state language (Tosk is the official dialect). (Background). Nine years of education are required by law, but large majorities of the people finish high school. After they complete high school, most of the teenagers want to go to Europe or the United State to complete their higher education to have a better future. Majorities of the people are self-employed. More than eighty percent of the population is white, and less then twenty percent is gypsy. ...

Terrazas' Entrepreneural Skills and Power in Chihuahua Essay

Terrazas' Entrepreneural Skills and Power in Chihuahua - Essay Example Wealthy miners, haciendas and the landholder had no faith in the leadership and had to relocate locations that were more favorable. However, Terrazas once he took power in the 1860’s he managed to carry various form of transformation that saw his success. Consequently, this period saw the return of both the state and Hacendos to Chihuahua. After the defeat of French, he managed to establish a stable administration. The Apaches were fought to the end and new military colonies were established. There was also guarantee of land to the settlers so long as they could fight against the Indian raiders. His capability to fight off the Apache raiders made him popular among his people. He also managed to divert the tax revenue meant for the federal government and could fund the militia to fight the Indians hence majority of Chihuahuas population and the military colonist. He also used his power to acquire the largest and most progressive haciendas in this region. Moreover, Luis Terrazas had interest in mines and industries and imported machinery that raised production and this enabled him to compete in global arena. His political inclination was also geared toward his interest (Wasserman 15). In this reign, the Creel Terrazas family controlled nearly all the cattle ranches, mines and other form of business. This mostly generated a lot of dissatisfaction among the poor and the less privileged most of which were landless. This occurred mostly during the reign of dictator of Porfirio Diaz (Truthout Web). The role played by haciendas was significant to the elite as it provided much income for their business empire. The main reason for employing act of brutality was to annex land chunk of land from the local indigenous people for business expansion. Moreso, this was usually done with no authority from rural population and communities. During this reign, there was significant development that saw expansion in agriculture, mining and improved transport