The virulence factors of staphylococcus aureus

The harmfulness elements of staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus is faculatively anaerobic, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive, gram-positive cocci. It is non sporulating, non motile and non capsulated microorganisms. 30% of Staphylococcus aureus can be found in skin, mucous of film and nasal sections in a solid individual as would be expected vegetation. Notwithstanding, Staphylococcus aureus diseases are equipped for prompting meningitis, pneumonia, osteomyetilis, spectic joint inflammation and septicemia. It is additionally hard to treat Staphylococcus aureus contaminations on the off chance that it is a methicillin safe strain as the main anti-infection, vancomycin, can restrain methicillin safe Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA). Destructiveness Factors Destructiveness factors from Staphylococcus aureus can be auxiliary or emitted items that lead to pathogenesis. They are characterized into catogeries, for example, surface proteins, discharging poisons and superantigen poison. Surface proteins in Staphylococcus aureus give connections to have tissues which will colonize and prompt contaminations. Such proteins are protein A/B which ties to immunoglobulin G, amassing factor An and B to push adherence to bacterial cells. [Plata, Rosato et al. 2009] Alpha-heamolysin, beta-heamolysin, gamma-heamolysin and Panton Valentine Leucocidine (PVL) are instances of emitting poisons which structure pores in the host film and lyses the cells while staphylococcus enterotoxins debilitate the host insusceptible framework and poisonous stun disorder poison 1 causes harmful stun by food contamination. These destructiveness factors that are delivered [Plata, Rosato et al. 2009] by Staphylococcus aureus and regularly cause perilous infections. These elem ents survive and camouflage themselves from the body resistant framework with the goal that Staphylococcus aureus can colonize and tie to connective tissues which lead to contaminations. They are likewise answerable for the manifestations of the infection. The principle symptomatic highlights can be identified by having coagulase agglutination tests and test for the creation of thermostable nuclease which separate DNA. [Greenwood, Slack et al. 2007] Exotoxins (TSST1-poisonous stun disorder poison 1) TSST1 are one of the destructiveness factors that cause an assortment of illnesses in people. TSST1 has short N-terminal ÃŽ ± helix which lead to ÃŽ ² barrel structure otherwise called B space or oligosaccharide authoritative. It is then associated with C-terminal mass of the ÃŽ ² strands (Domain A). This structure cause cysteine circle which bring about emetic action. On the off chance that there is no circle, TSST1 will be superantigenic [Orwin, Fitzgerald et al. May 2003]. As Staphylococcus aureus attack the body, TSST1 is delivered in the microscopic organisms and discharge to have. It at that point hinders have safe reactions. It crosses mucosal surfaces and reactivates bacterial cell divider actuated joint inflammation. [Diages, Orwin et al. Jan 2000] TSST1 additionally animate multiplication of T cells. These T cells won't just increment its focus in the body, however they are additionally incapable to perceive explicit antigen in the bacterial cells. Consequently, T cells can 't destroy Staphylococcus aureus. In this manner, TSST1 is otherwise called superantigenicity, pyrogenicity and lift the lethality of the poisons. Procured coronary illness in youngsters is frequently connected with TSST1. Additionally, TSST1 is connected to ladies who use tampons consistently as it builds the introduction to Staphylococcus aureus diseases. TSST1 assists with discharging monstrous measure of cytokines which brings about fever, rash, low circulatory strain, tissue harm and stun. [Dermnet.org] Exotoxins (Panton Valentine Leucocidin-PVL) Panton Valentine Leucidin (PVL) is typically found in network procured Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Tristan (2007) expressed that it is sorted as bicomponent synergohymenotropic poison which lyses have cell membrance and it focuses on human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), monocytes and macrophages. Plasma film of myeloid cells structure octamer pores and target leukocytes by Panton Valentine Leucidin [Kobayashi and Deleo 2009]. Fiery go betweens, for example, leukotriene B4, IL-8 and histamine are discharged to the cell encompassing as PVL enacts Ca2+ channels to open prompting calcium flood in PMN, monocytes and macrophages. For whatever length of time that Ca2+ channels are opened and incendiary go betweens fixation is enormously rising, it is a lethal result. Along these lines, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages lyses as pores structure in their cell films and this generally brings about harmful stun or hard-headed hypoxemia. Panton Valentine Leucidin assumes a signif icant job in extreme necrotizing fasciitis, pneumonia, leukocyte annihilation and tissue rot. [Libert, Batjom et al. Jan 2009] Staphylococcus enterotoxins-SE Staphylococcus enterotoxins are the normal reason for food contamination. As individual processes a lot of Staphylococcus aureusthrough polluted water or food, enterotoxins are delivered. It has a significant cross connecting with significant histocompability complex (MHC) class II antigen and T cell receptor (TCR) [Fraser and Proft 2008]. Immune system microorganism receptor will enlist neutrophils and discharge a wide assortment of irritation middle people to the stomach and small digestive system. Collection of irritation arbiters brings about hyperemic mucosa and tomb augmentation creates in jejunum. The interruption of the coating of the small digestive system impacts the pace of retention of substances. Therefore, gastroenteritis frames and will realize the fundamental side effects, for example, fever and hypotension.[ Diages, Orwin et al. Jan 2000]. Heaving and the runs is likewise a typical side effect in SE food contamination. Food contamination by Staphylococcus aureusis le ss serious than different diseases by similar species. It is regularly self restricting too. [Diages, Orwin et al. Jan 2000] Protein A Protein An is described as a cell divider related monomeric protein. [Gomez, Lee et al. 2004]. It has job in causing pneumonia by focusing on polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell movement in the aviation route entries. Protein A ties to the Fc locale of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and causes opsonization. [Greenwood, Slack et al. 2007]. It likewise phosphorylates mitogen initiated protein kinases (MAPKs) as ace provocative flagging. IL-8 is made and discharged out from epithelial cells. What's more, protein A likewise emulates TNF-ÃŽ ± (tumor putrefaction factor ÃŽ ±) that will tie to TNFR1, which is circulated at aviation routes (tumor corruption factor receptor 1). This will select TRADD (TNFR1 related passing area protein) and TRAF2 (TNF receptor related factor 2). Both will be enacted, protein An and TRAF2 with RIP1 will coimmunoprecipitate in the aviation routes [Gomez, Lee et al. 2004]. Moreover, protein A represses phagocytic engulfment. In a similar paper, Gomez additionally expressed that if Staphylococcus aureusis ailing in protein An or TNFR1, bacterial destructiveness will be lower and gathering of PMN in the lung will be decline also. It is innocuous to actuate PMN for what it's worth to ensure the lung, in any case, when there is an expansion in protein An authoritative to PMN, PMN is enacted and upgrading the fiery middle people to be discharged in the aviation routes. In this way, an expansion in protein A will create a more noteworthy fiery reaction and along these lines pneumonia creates. Staphylokinase (SAK) Staphylokinase is a catalyst that produces by Staphylococcus aureus. When staphylokinase is discharged from Staphylococcus aureus and focused to neutrophils, ÃŽ ±-defensins is created and followed by balance of short peptides by Staphylococcus aureus. This outcomes in restraint of bactericidal impacts of defensins by the enactment of plasminogen and staphylokinase increments bacterial disease process. [Bergmann and Hammerschmidt 2007] Plasminogen is firmly directed and it is a piece of fibrinolysis component which coagulates fibrin when a vein is harmed. Staphylococcus aureus changes plasminogen to fibrin with the assistance of fibrin as co-factor. Staphylokinase is encoded by the Sak quality and controlled by the agr quality. Its structure has a focal ÃŽ ±-helix and 5 ÃŽ ² sheet strands. [Bokarewa, Jin et al. 2006]. Once neutophils is bound to the focal ÃŽ ±-helix, it prompts conformational changes. Therefore, plasminogen is changed over to plasmin. Fibrin clumps is then separated b y plasmin and kept the contamination restricted. Staphylokinase-plasminogen buildings additionally help Staphylococcus aureus to enter the host tissues. Moreover, Maria expressed that if 2 staphylokinase structure a dimer because of the focal ÃŽ ±-helical, it will decrease antigenicity. A few restricting locales to neutrophils can be found in staphylokinase. This will prompted in discharging of ÃŽ ±-defensins and influence the bactericidal properties as peptides are being killed. Staphylococcus aureusis then impervious to phagocytosis by neutrophils. [Bokarewa, Jin et al. 2006]. Staphylokinase contaminations are generally found in sepsis, immunocompromised and older patients as they are progressively inclined to Staphylococcus aureus. Anti-toxins are the standard treatment of these contaminations. Destructiveness Factors in Staphylococcus aureusare the primary segments that causing hazardous sicknesses. It is for the most part the middle people discharged by the invulnerable framework gives the side effects for the sicknesses. On the off chance that there are any changes in these harmfulness factors, it will be less destructive to the microscopic organisms and the side effects of illness will reduce as these destructiveness variables won't target neutrophils, macrophages and other resistant framework segments. In this way, irritation arbiters are not discharged in an extraordinary sum on the double.

Business administrator report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business overseer report - Coursework Example the organization individuals work inside the set rules and guidelines relevant to the Dynamic Enterprise Company just as ending up being the legitimate expert of the organization. The Overseer is additionally expected to be familiarize with the Dynamic Enterprise Legal Duties and Insurance Cover close by apportioning and recording of stocks. I worked as the principle connect between the organization and the outside temporary workers (Meier, et al., 2005). During the principal meeting, I ensured that each investor of the organization had without a doubt comprehended the jobs that they needed to play and what was foreseen of them over the long haul. The chief determination of the gathering was to dispense obligations to the individuals just as setting practicable and hands-on cutoff times to every member (Dzimbiri, 2009). The commitment of the association lead was to make accessible to the business with the coordinated bearing and direct the wide-going activity of the exchange. The advertising overseer was relied upon to connect with bear the cost of the business with a decent promoting approach that will prompt improved benefits to the organization. Thusly, the monetary executive was allotted to keep and keep up all the financial records of the organization. The activities overseer was accountable for the procedural and support of the fixed progression of goings-on of the organization. At long last the chairman was relied upon to ensur e that all the general prearranged exercises for the business are seen by the entirety of its individuals with an end goal to achieve the targets of the organization (Akwetey, 2011). Minutes of the concurred obligations and motivation were enrolled by the overseer in accordance with legitimate prerequisites of the conference for yet to come records and notices. Concurring with Akwetey (2011), traces help in calling attention to what to sift through and when to do it. This was clear during the shows of the organization as it was a perspective in our gathering contemplations as it called attention to on the

Conform free essay sample

In different cases being delightful is critical to numerous individuals and some are happy to change to fit in with everybody else’s viewpoints to excellence. Others get themselves OK with simply the manner in which they are. A few people choose to go into agonizing plastic medical procedures to fit in with the remainder of the supposed excellent individuals; others oppose satisfying others and don’t put such a great amount of significance to it. They center around being on what they truly are. In â€Å"Barbie Doll† by Marge Piercy and â€Å"Lost Sister† by Cathy Song Girlchild and Sister battle with their choice on whether to radical or fit in with what society anticipates. Girlchild from â€Å"Barbie Doll† decides to fit in with society’s desires. Girlchild doesn't view herself as lovely since she has enormous nose and plump legs. Despite the fact that she is depicted as brilliant and in great conditions, the individuals around her lone consideration of what she looks like genuinely. We will compose a custom article test on Adjust or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The prerequisites to be wonderful are so restricted and her great highlights are not one of them. Genuinely, Girlchild doesn't trust herself as delightful. Barbie dolls are the perfect type of magnificence, with the ideal body, enormous eyes, and flawless nose. Girlchild doesn't convey any highlights of a Barbie doll yet that doesn't mean she is appalling. Rather than discovering her own specific manner of magnificence Girlchild chooses to fit in. So Girlchild gets more fit, changes her look, and demeanor to satisfy others. Indeed, even like that individuals reprimand her of being flawed all they despite everything see is â€Å"a fat nose on thick legs† (Piercy 11). She neglects to discover acknowledgment, much after all the difficult work she places into it. To fit in with every other person she at last chooses to cut her nose and legs off. This choice to fit in makes her life end. After that the funeral director repairs her putting on a phony nose and fixing different defects. At her uneral since she conveys an alternate nose, the alleged immaculate nose, everybody at last asks â€Å"Doesn’t she look beautiful? † (Piercy 23). Finally she prevails to be acknowledged yet now it doesn’t truly matter, since she is dead. In the other hand sister from the sonnet â€Å"Lost Sister† didn't adjust rather she chooses to revolt. Her way of life anticipates that ladies should be faithful, dutiful, and to remain at home and care for their family all through for their entire lives. Sister is contrasted with a jade stone, since like the stone ladies can accomplish such a great deal, however are not capable â€Å"to move freely† (Song 13). In Sister’s culture ladies are bound to deal with their family and are not skilled to accomplish whatever else. They additionally need to experience a difficult procedure of foot restricting that didn’t permit them to walk serenely. This foot restricting method is for ladies to have little adorable feet. It additionally empowers them to move quick and far. Sister doesn't fit in with this way of life not at all like Girchild, Sister chooses to look for circumstances and balance in America. Sister leaves to another nation to discover opportunity. In America she doesn't need to experience excruciating methods to be acknowledged. She presently has the chance to â€Å"stride alongside men† (Song 36). While this is the thing that she needs, she is as yet not fulfilled. In America she has no family. By revolting she gets what she needs yet she can't impart this to her family. She can't comprehend the new dialect. The city is in no way like where she was conceived; in the city there is in every case light and the air isn't the cleanest. She begins to miss China. She understands it wasn’t so natural all things considered. Despite the fact that one chooses to revolt and the other to accommodate toward the end, incidentally, they are both miserable. Girlchild is dormant unfit to make the most of her achievement and Sister couldn't impart her opportunity to her family.

Essay Topics For Opinion Essay For College

Essay Topics For Opinion Essay For CollegeIt is often advised that you write topics for opinion essay for college in order to give the best possible information to your essay. However, you should also remember that you should not include every single fact that you know, so that you can actually let the best possible information out in the reader.Essays on topics for college are required to be written as if they were a survey, and thus, the same guidelines need to be followed when writing one as well. Topics for opinion essay for college do not have to be very difficult to understand, since the information contained in the essay will be about opinions. You will also be able to get through the essay quicker if the information you are putting into it is very important.The first of the topics for college essay topics is to write about why you are writing the essay. Some people who are not good at writing do not realize this fact, but the reason you need to write a topic for opinion essay for college is that you are writing about a topic that you are familiar with. Of course, you will also be writing about a topic that you do not know too much about, but that does not matter because the importance of this kind of essay will only increase the more you write it. You will be able to put things that you know, and the information will be more interesting to your reader.Your target audience is to understand their point of view and if you get them to agree with you, the end result will be that you will gain more people who are willing to read what you write about. In this way, you will be able to understand how well the essay is written and how your reader will react to the content.If you want to get a better impression of your writing skills, you should choose topics for opinion essay for college that is focused on you, as this will show the readers of your opinion that you have put a lot of effort in it. For example, if you are writing about the art of cooking, you shoul d be sure that you mention what types of food you like and if you want to please your readers, you should make sure that you try to show them your best cooking tips. If you are writing about the education in a school, you should choose topics that you find interesting such as the progress of the students. The more interesting topics you write, the better you will be able to impress your readers.Writing for an audience is not all about the content that you write. The other part of your essay that is important is the introduction. Since you are writing for the audience, you should know what part they are interested in. If you know the purpose of the essay, you can better focus on the content that you are going to put in it.Besides, your conclusion is one of the most important part in any essay. Make sure that you show the reader where you think the essay is going, and then you can write about the conclusion of the essay.

Rubiks Cube - A History of the 1980s Puzzle

The Rubiks Cube is a cube-shaped puzzle that has nine, smaller squares on each side. When taken out of the box, each side of the cube has all the squares the same color. The goal of the puzzle is to return each side to a solid color after you have turned it a few times. Which seems simple enough—at first. After a few hours, most people who try the Rubiks Cube realize that they  are mesmerized by the puzzle and yet no closer to solving it. The toy, which was first created in 1974 but not released onto the world market until 1980, quickly became a fad  when it hit stores.   Who Created the Rubiks Cube? Ernà ¶ Rubik is the one to praise or to blame, depending on how mad the  Rubiks Cube has driven you. Born on July 13, 1944 in Budapest, Hungary, Rubik combined the divergent talents of his parents (his father was an engineer who designed gliders and his mother was an artist and a poetess) to become both a sculptor and an architect. Fascinated with the concept of space, Rubik spent his free time while working as a professor at the Academy of Applied Arts and Design in Budapest designing puzzles that would open his students minds to new ways of thinking about three-dimensional geometry. In the spring of 1974, just shy of his 30th birthday, Rubik envisioned a small cube, with each side constructed of moveable squares. By the fall of 1974, his friends had helped him create the first wooden model of his idea. At first, Rubik just enjoyed watching how the squares moved as he turned one section and then another. However, when he attempted to put the colors back again, he ran into difficulty. Oddly entranced by the challenge, Rubik spent a month turning the cube this way and that way until he finally realigned the colors. When he handed other people the cube and they too had the same fascinated reaction, he realized he might have a toy puzzle on his hands that could really be worth some money. The Rubiks Cube Debuts in Stores In 1975, Rubik made an arrangement with the Hungarian toy-manufacturer Politechnika, who would mass produce the cube. In 1977, the multi-colored cube first appeared in toy stores in Budapest as the Bà ¼và ¶s Kocka (the Magic Cube). Although the Magic Cube was a success in Hungary, getting Hungarys Communist leadership to agree to allow the Magic Cube out to the rest of the world was a bit of a challenge. By 1979, Hungary agreed to share the cube and Rubik signed with the Ideal Toy Corporation. As Ideal Toys prepared to market the Magic Cube to the West, they decided to rename the cube. After considering several names, they settled on calling the toy puzzle Rubiks Cube. The first Rubiks Cubes appeared in Western stores in 1980. A World Obsession Rubiks Cubes instantaneously became an international sensation. Everyone wanted one. It appealed to youngsters as well as adults. There was something  about the little cube that captured everyones full attention. The first produced Rubiks Cube had six sides,  each a different color (traditionally blue, green, orange, red, white, and yellow). Each side had nine squares, in a three by three grid pattern. Of the 54 squares on the cube, 48 of them could move (the centers on each side were stationary). Rubiks Cubes were simple, elegant, and surprisingly difficult to solve. By 1982, more than 100 million Rubiks Cubes had been sold and most had yet to be solved. Solving the Rubiks Cube While millions of people were stumped, frustrated, and yet still obsessed with their Rubiks Cubes, rumors began to circulate as to how to solve the puzzle. With more than 43 quintillion possible configurations (43,252,003,274,489,856,000 to be exact), hearing that the stationary pieces are the starting point for the solution or solve one side at a time just was not enough information for the layman to solve the Rubiks Cube. In response to the massive demands by the public for a solution, several dozen books were published in the early 1980s, each spouting easy ways to solve your Rubiks Cube. While some Rubiks Cube owners were so frustrated that they began smashing open their cubes for a peek inside (they hoped to discover some inner secret that would help them solve the puzzle), other Rubiks Cube owners were setting speed records. Starting in 1982, the first annual International Rubiks Championships were held in Budapest, where people competed to see who could solve the Rubiks Cube the fastest. Now helad all ove the world, these competitions are places for cubers to show off their speed cubing. In 2018, the current world record was set at 3.47 seconds, held by Yusheng Du of China. An Icon Whether a Rubiks Cube fan was a self-solver, speed-cuber, or a smasher, they had all become obsessed with the small, simple-looking puzzle. During the height of its popularity, Rubiks Cubes could be found everywhere—at school, on buses, in movie theaters, and even at work.  The design and colors of Rubiks Cubes also appeared on t-shirts, posters, and board games. In 1983, Rubiks Cube even had its own television show, called Rubik, the Amazing Cube. In this kids show, a talking, flying Rubiks Cube worked with the aid of three children to foil the evil plans of the shows villain. Mathematicians have tried to determine how many moves are needed to solve a completely jumbled up cube: in 2008, it was announced as 22, but the computations to get there took decades of processor time. In 2019, Chinese topologists reported a way to map the mechanism—results that may have implications in other multi-structure mechanisms from laser printing to deep space exploration aircraft. To date, more than 300 million Rubiks Cubes have been sold, making it one of the most popular toys of the 20th century. Sources and Further Information Palmer, Jason. Cracking the Last Mystery of the Rubiks Cube. New Scientist 199.2668 (2008): 40–43. Print.Spatial Logical Toy. USA Patent 4378116A, Ernà ¶ Rubik, held by Politechnika Ibara Szovetkezet. Expired September 11, 2019. Zeng, Daxing, et al. Analysis of Structural Composition and Representation of Topological Structures of Rubiks Cube Mechanism. Mechanism and Machine Theory 136 (2019): 86–104. Print.

The Civil Rights Movement Essay - 1605 Words

Civil Rights are those rights that guarantee to all individuals by the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 19th Amendments of the U.S Constitution, as the right to vote and the right to equal treatment under the law (Agnes 121). The Civil Rights Era (1954-1973) was a time of racism, discrimination, protests for equality, and gained momentum to overcome horrific obstacles. This time period was inspired by African-Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and any other citizen that was against what forms of discrimination there was at the time (Appleby 820). The teaching of Civil Rights to students is imperative, especially to African-American Students. Segregation is the policy of compelling racial groups to live apart and use separate schools,†¦show more content†¦Later on, he became the first African-American appointed to the Supreme Court in 1967. Through this lead, the NAACP is how â€Å"Mr. Civil Rights† as they call him won over the class act Brown v. Board of Education (Sharp 9 1-96). Even though he won the case the fight for education did not stop there. Now that segregated education was supposedly won, there were still some deep blemishes in this action. On December 1, 1955, a seamstress of the NAACP, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to move out of her seat for a white person when asked. She was later arrested for not doing so. After arrested and set free the issue could have ended there; however, it did not. Rosa Parks’ arrest led to a history making movement, the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This movement was put in place to put a dent in the cities financial policies. As significance, all African-Americans pulled together and stopped using the city buses; as well as, car pulling and walking. (Appleby 824) With the victory of the Montgomery Boycott, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. became a leader of the civil rights movement (Appleby 825). He was a leader that chose to use nonviolent retaliations; such as Mohandas Gandhi, his influencer. In January 1 957, Dr. King and sixty other ministers started an organization called the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and Dr. King was the president-elect. The SCLC preparedShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Civil Rights Movement1179 Words   |  5 Pagessegregations. Out of the numerous elements that arose in the 1960s, there are three movements that truly affected the American society. Firstly, the rise of the civil rights movement was greatly influenced by racial discrimination of colored people in the South. Secondly, the women’s movement aimed to convince the society that women are capable of achieving and maintaining higher waged job like males. Lastly, the gay rights movement aimed to gain acceptance and stop discrimination of homosexuality. 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Legislative Consistencies and Inconsistencies - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Legislative Consistencies and Inconsistencies. Answer: Introduction In the modern era, selection of appropriate tools and techniques of marketing is crucial for the success of an enterprise. Furthermore, the use of marketing and sales tactics assists in enhancing the overall visibility of brand in the marketplace(Percy 2014). Companies are also able to improve areas such as brand recognition, awareness and the overall degree of customer loyalty. The use of marketing can help organizations to gain a competitive advantage over other market players. The present research reflects the overall environmental analysis of Woolworths supermarket. The retail chain was founded in the year 1924, and it is considered as a market leader in supermarket industry of Australia(Percy 2014). The objective and goals of Woolworths are mentioned in this study. On the other side of this, the marketing mix and sales strategy employed by the selected organization is also highlighted in this report. In todays corporate era, the importance of good marketing/industry analysis cannot be neglected. Companies operating at small, medium and large scale are required to carry out effective analysis of the market or industry in which they carry out their business operations. Analysis of marketing environment at frequent interval is essential for long term sustainability of a business enterprise(Greenland et al. 2016). On the other hand, marketing analysis also supports in identifying the changing demand of customers and gaps in the market. An effective analysis of industry or market supports in the getting economic overview and identify the opportunities of growth in the market. At present, the grocery and supermarket industry of Australia is highly competitive and the annual revenue growth of the industry is 4.2%. The current value of Australian supermarket industry is $105.3 billion and it is expected that in the year 2016 to 2017, the industry will grow with the rate of 3.3% (IBIS World 2017). The key reason behind such adequate growth rate can be termed as the effective strategies which have been employed by the businesses operating in the industry. These strategies have helped companies to create more demand among people in the market and attract them to by the products and services offered. Over the past few years, there has been a significant rise in the demand for private label products ranges in the entire industry. The result of this is that the organizations have been able to find better and more potential opportunities in terms of growth and development(Jaafar et al. 2016). Nowadays, businesses operating in the supermarket and grocery industry of Australia are also focusing on developing and offering private labelled products. The rationale behind this is that these products can offer better margins and thus, contributes a lot to enhancing the volume of profits(Taylor 2016). Competitive Analysis Fierce competition is the term which can be used for the supermarket and grocery industry of Australia(Hingley, Lindgreen Grant 2015). Over the past few years, Coles and Woolworths were the dominating players in the industry. However, entry of Aldi and Lidl in the market has adversely affected the overall market share of Coles and Woolworths. The growth rate of the industry has attracted new players to enter the market and attain the desired volume of sales(Blakeman 2014). At present, the entry of discounted retailers such as Costco and Aldi has resulted in influencing the overall shopping trends in the country to a great extent. The other players in market include Metcash Ltd, Wesfarmers Limited, Kaufland and Amazon grocery division (Retail World 2017). It has been analysed that the overall volume of sales, profits and customer base has been affected by the intense competition within the industry. On the contrary of this, it can be critically argue that Aldi with its discounted pricing strategy has emerged as the biggest threat for all the organizations in the supermarket retail industry. The company is expanding its business operations and activities very rapidly, and this has become the issue for companies such as Coles and Woolworths(Fels 2015). Apart from this, the price competition within the industry is also expected to increase because of the aggressive discounted pricing strategy which has been adopted by brands such as Lidl and Kaufland. The result of this is that Woolworths is not forced to operate with a low price strategy to maintain its existing market share in the industry. The competitive analysis of supermarket and grocery industry of Australia reflects that the duopoly of Coles and Woolworths is affecting adversely because of the increasing competition and entry of new market players(Leigh Triggs 2016). Aldis business strategy emphasizes on factors such as low price, bigger stores, and fresh foods are supporting the brand to attract more and more customers(Sutton-Brady, Kamvounias Taylor 2015). It can be expressed that the existing market players are now facing issues regarding attracting new customers and retaining the old ones.. The bargaining power of buyers in Australia supermarket retail industry is very high, and this has affected the overall prices of businesses operating in the same. The rationale behind high bargaining power is that the customers in the industry are available with a lot of options to choose from(Price 2016). The supermarket retail stores operating in the country are facing issues and challenges in terms of carrying out negotiation with all its customers(Wardle Chang 2015). The demand of private labelled brands among customers in the industry has been increased to a great extent. The result of this is that companies are forced to operate with a more diversified range of private labelled products. On the other side of this, customers in the Australia supermarket and grocery industry are now more interested in buying products at low prices, and they also prefer to shop from bigger retail stores. The brands operating in the industry have been forced to carry out changes in their overall pricing and product strategy to meet the demand of customers(Schultz, Patti Kitchen 2013). Aggressive promotion, strong branding, and low price are the key factors which influence the overall decision making of customers in Australia supermarket and grocery industry. The mentioned above graph represents the products and service segmentation of Australia supermarket and grocery industry. It has been analysed that dry and packaged foods are the most demanded by the customers. Apart from this, milk, dairy products, fresh fruits, vegetables, toiletries, health products, cigarettes, beverages, bread and bakery products are also demanded by customers in the industry. Objectives and Goals The development of business objectives and goals are essential as they provide clear guidelines and directions to companies. Furthermore, short and long term goals help in directing efforts of employees and staff members(Sutton-Brady, Kamvounias Taylor 2015). Challenging goals motivate workers and encourage them to give their best towards success of the enterprise. However, it can be critically argued that organization should emphasize on the formulating goals which are clear, realistic and measureable. The development of business objectives and goals are essential as they provide clear guidelines and directions to companies. Furthermore, short and long-term goals help in directing efforts of employees and staff members(Vernuccio Ceccotti 2015). Challenging goals motivate workers and encourage them to give their best towards the success of the enterprise. However, it can be critically argued that organization should emphasize on the formulating goals which are clear, realistic and measurable. The main and most important goal of Woolworth supermarket is to put its customers on priority in all the business situations. In addition to this, the objective company is to offer a diversified product range to all its customers at prices which competitive(Fels 2015). Developing a strong team and culture which emphasize on generating high degree of customer satisfaction is another important objective of Woolworths. The long-term objective of Woolworths supermarket focuses on reducing the overall cost of operations and carrying out improvements in its existing processes. Developing a cohesive brand is also the key business objective of the selected organization (Woolworths Group 2017). The company invests all its efforts and resources in the accomplishment of these objectives. Furthermore, useful tools of monitoring are employed by the brand to ensure that all efforts and resources are being invested in the right direction. Refreshing stores and upgrading the product offering as per the changing needs and demand of people in the market is another objective of Woolworths. On the contrary of this, it can be critically argued that the organization also emphasizes in areas such as sustainability and it has developed some objectives regarding the same. For example, the companys objective is to adopt more sustainable practices linked with product packaging. At the same time, reducing the carbon emissions, zero waste going to landfill, sustainable sourcing of raw materials and reducing carbon footprints are the key sustainable goals which are developed by Woolworths (Woolworths Group 2017). Marketing Mix Strategies Marketing mix can be defined a set of factors which are managed and taken care by companies to influence the decision-making process of people in the market. The marketing mix of businesses consists of four major factors which are products, price, place, and promotion. These factors are affected by the change in competition, customer needs, and market trends. The marketing mix of Woolworth is mentioned below as: Product - Woolworth is an Australia based supermarket retailer which offers a diversified range of products and services. The core products offered by the company include meat, fresh vegetables, fruits and packed products. The company also emphasize on maintaining high and the best possible level of quality in all its products(Chapman et al. 2014). The result of this is that the brand can acquire the high degree of satisfaction among all its customers. The product range of Woolworth has been positioned in the market as a healthy one, and this has helped in attracting more customers. Different types of quality measurement tools and techniques are employed by the supermarket to ensure high quality of all products delivered. Price At present, the pricing strategy adopted by Woolworth is higher as compared to the price of other players in the market. However, the strategy of selling quality products at slightly higher prices has helped the brand to acquire desired market share. The company has also adopted a reward system for its employees(Ewing Ramaseshan 2015). Here, different types of vouchers and offers are provided to the customers with an objective to increase sales. On the contrary of this, it can be critically argued that the entry of discounted supermarket stores such as Aldi and Lidl has forced Woolworths to lower down its prices to maintain its existing market share. Place The place can be defined as the location from the where products and services are being delivered to the people in the market. It can be expressed that at present the company is operating with more than the 950 stores in the Australia market. It indicates the customers of Woolworth do not face any issues in buying the products because of the availability of stores in different locations. In addition to this, the company also offers its products and services to customers through online medium(Blakeman 2014). Woolworths has developed its e-commerce website and mobile application which makes it very convenient for people in the market to buy the products. The distribution networks of the organization are wide and highly effective. Promotion Woolworths is using both traditional and modern tools for carrying out marketing and promotion of its products and services. Here, radio, television, and newspaper are the key traditional tools which are employed by the brand. The main objective of Woolworth behind using promotional tools is to create more and more awareness among people in the market. On the other hand, it also aims at getting the competitive advantage through its promotional strategies. Online tools such as email social media and internet marketing are also used by the brand. The use of online marketing tools helps in increasing sales and profits of Woolworths. Sales Strategies The sales strategies employed by Woolworths can be termed as quite effective as they have helped the brand in acquiring adequate market share and revenue. The sales strategies of business highlight the essential tools and techniques used by organizations with an objective to increase sales and profits(Biddle 2016). The selected organization aims at acquiring sustainable competitive advantage and enhancement of sales with its marketing and sales strategy. Here, the company has adopted different types of sales strategies to accomplish its objectives. For example, Woolworths has adopted the strategy of the offering better value and quality products to all its customers. The result of this is that the company is able to acquire the higher degree of customer satisfaction and increase its sales. Price reductions can be termed another sales strategy which has been employed by the supermarket retailer. It can be expressed that Woolworths has carried out approximately $125 Million decreases in its prices since the year 2016. The main motive behind these reductions was to encourage more and more people to buy the products offered by Woolworths. The selected business enterprise also focused on matching its online prices with the prices of products and services displayed in the store. The benefit of this is that Woolworths was able to create higher degree of satisfaction among all its customers and retain them for long run. Offering discounts, special coupons, and other benefits is another sale strategy which has been adopted by the company to enhance the volume of sales and profits(Belch et al. 2014). In the present scenario, the competition among businesses operating in the retail supermarket industry of Australia has become highly intense. It means that it is not easy for organizations to attain the desired volume of sales and profits. The rationale behind this is that customers in the industry are available with wide range of options and alternatives to choose from. For the purpose of achieving business goals and objectives, nowadays businesses in the supermarket and grocery industry focus on using different types of sales strategies. Introducing new and innovative products at regular interval is also a sales strategy which has been adopted by Woolworths(Arli et al. 2013). Here, the company emphasize more on carrying out intense market research to identify the changing need and demand of customers in the industry. In addition to this, the use of market research is also carried out with an objective to identify the gap in the existing demand and supply of products/services. Based on the information collected, Woolworths introduces new products and services in the market to customer demands in the best possible manner. Sales strategy such as introducing new products helps in enhancing the overall product portfolio of the brand and thus, supports in increasing the volume of sales(Wardle 2015). On the other side of this, it can be critically argued that high emphasis on development and introduction of new products and services results in increasing the overall operational cost of the selected business enterprise. Boosting up repeat purchase and customer loyalty is also an important sales strategy which has been employed by Woolworths. Here, the supermarket retailer focuses on addressing the issues and problems faced by the customers and resolving them in the best possible manner. This strategy helps the company to encourage customer loyalty and repeat purchase as the customer perceives that the brand is concern about its clients. Instead of focusing on limited marketing and promotional tools, Woolworths concentrate more on using different tools and techniques of marketing. For example, advertisement of products and services is carried out on media such as newspaper, television, and radio(You Barry 2016). In addition to this, online marketing through channels such as emails, social media, and internet. These strategies help Woolworths to enhance its overall brand image, sales, and profitability. Conclusion From the above-conducted research report, it can be concluded that sales and marketing are essential for long-term growth and sustainability of businesses. The environment analysis carried out of Woolworths highlights that the supermarket and grocery industry of Australia have become highly competitive. There was a time when Woolworths and Coles had the duopoly in the entire industry. However, it can be critically argued that the entry of discounted supermarkets such as Aldi and Lidl has resulted in making the existing market more intense. The entry has also forced Woolworths and other market players to reduce their prices to sustain in the market place. The demand for private labelled products among customers has been increased to a great extent. Furthermore, the businesses in the industry are also showing their interest in offering private labelled products because of their high-profit margin. From the above carried out study, it can be concluded that the Woolworths has developed different types of long and short-term goals. In addition to this, the business is also making use of the effective sales strategies to enhance its volume of sales and profitability. The company is offering products and services at prices which are higher than the other market players. In addition to this, online and offline channels of promotion are used by Woolworths. References Arli, V, Dylke, S, Burgess, R, Campus, R Soldo, E 2013, 'Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration. ', Journal of Economics, Business Accountancy Ventura, , vol 16, no. 1, pp. 33-45. Belch, GE, Belch, MA, Kerr, GF Powell, I 2014, Advertising: An integrated marketing communication perspective, McGraw-Hill Education., New York. Biddle, I 2016, 'The Wesfarmers/Woolworths duopoly war: ', The Bunnings vs. Masters battle. Busidate, vol 24, no. 3, p. 3. Blakeman, R 2014, Integrated marketing communication: creative strategy from idea to implementation, Rowman Littlefield., Maryland. Chapman, K, Kelly, B, Bauman, A, Innes?Hughes, C Allman?Farinelli, M 2014, 'Trends in the cost of a healthy food basket and fruit and vegetable availability in New South Wales, Australia, between 2006 and 2009.', Nutrition dietetics , vol 71, no. 2, p. 11. Ewing, MT Ramaseshan, B 2015, Integrated marketing communications: Conflicts of interest, politics and performance, Springer, Berlin. Fels, A 2015, 'Current Issues in Competition Policy. ', Australian Economic Review , vol 48, no. 4, pp. 410-416. Greenland, SJ, Greenland, SJ, Johnson, L, Johnson, L, Seifi, S Seifi, S 2016, ' Tobacco manufacturer brand strategy following plain packaging in Australia: implications for social responsibility and policy.', Social Responsibility Journal, vol 12, no. 2, pp. 321-334. Hingley, M, Lindgreen, A Grant, DB 2015, 'Intermediaries in power-laden retail supply chains: An opportunity to improve buyersupplier relationships and collaboration. ', Industrial marketing management, vol 50, no. 4, pp. 78-84. IBIS World 2017, Supermarkets and Grocery Stores in Australia, viewed 27 September 2017, https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/retail-trade/food-retailing/supermarkets-grocery-stores.html. Jaafar, J, Kamarul Zaman, NT, Adtrudin, KF, Hasan, S Salleh, MM 2016, 'Critical Success Factors of Retail and Wholesale Industry: A Case Study', International Journal of Supply Chain Management , vol 5, no. 2, pp. 94-100. Leigh, A Triggs, A 2016, 'Markets, monopolies and moguls: The relationship between inequality and competition', Australian Economic Review , vol 49, no. 4, pp. 389-412. Percy, L 2014, Strategic integrated marketing communications, Routledge, Abingdon. Price, R 2016, 'Controlling routine front line service workers: an Australian retail supermarket case. ', Work, employment and society , vol 30, no. 6, pp. 915-931. Retail World 2017, Spotlight on Australias supermarkets and grocery industry, viewed 27 September 2017, https://www.retailworldmagazine.com.au/spotlight-australias-supermarkets-grocery-industry/. Schultz, D, Patti, CH Kitchen, PJ 2013, The evolution of integrated marketing communications: The customer-driven marketplace, Routledge, Abingdon. Sutton-Brady, C, Kamvounias, P Taylor, T 2015, 'A model of supplierretailer power asymmetry in the Australian retail industry.', Industrial marketing management, vol 51, no. 1, pp. 122-130. Taylor, E 2016, 'Mobile payment technologies in retail: a review of potential benefits and risks. ', International Journal of Retail Distribution Management , vol 44, no. 2, pp. 159-177. Vernuccio, M Ceccotti, F 2015, 'Strategic and organisational challenges in the integrated marketing communication paradigm shift: A holistic vision', European Management Journal, pp. 438-449. Wardle, J,2 2015, ' Price-based promotions of alcohol: Legislative consistencies and inconsistencies across the Australian retail, entertainment and media sectors. ', International Journal of Drug Policy , vol 26, no. 5, pp. 522-530. Wardle, JL Chang, S 2015, ' Cross?promotional alcohol discounting in Australia's grocery sector: a barrier to initiatives to curb excessive alcohol consumption?', Australian and New Zealand journal of public health , vol 39, no. 2, pp. 124-128. Woolworths Group 2017, Environment and sustainability, viewed 27 September 2017, https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/community-and-responsibility/group-responsibility/environment. Woolworths Group 2017, Strategy and objectives, viewed 27 September 2017, https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-approach/strategy-and-objectives. You, K Barry, M 2016, ' Intra-industry competition among employer associations: a case study of the retail sector.', Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work, vol 26, no. 2, pp. 120-137.

Tupac Shakur Essays (322 words) - Shakur Family, Tupac Shakur

Tupac Shakur Famous rapper Tupac Shakur, who was almost broke when he died last September, now has people fighting over his estate. From the moment his ashes cooled people have been trying to get a chunk of his change. It started at one if his concerts, Jacquelyn McNealy, 27 was hit by a stray bullet. She was then awarded $16.6 million of Tupac's money, even though Tupac was never properly notified on the lawsuit. His label, Death Row wanted $7 million of his money until a temporary settlement last week. C. Delores Tucker who said Tupac used a derogative epithet wants a chunk. She and her husband claimed Tupac ruined their sex life because of his lyrics. Tucker was against gangsta rap from the beginning and a lawsuit some time after his death. The most recent problem is that Tupac's mom (Afeni Shakur) is trying to fight of a former lover who claims to be Tupac's father. After a DNA testing on William M Garland proving to be Tupac's father he still received no money; even though the Californian law requires the estate to be split up equally by the parents. Since Tupac's father was never around they state called it a case of the ?deadbeat dad?. Garland won't be awarded any money for the lack of interest in his son. The best way the string of lawsuits were summed up was by Afeni Shakur's attorney, Richard Fishbin who said, ?It is like being on a ship and watching pirates try to loot it.? Since Tupac's death his money has become a quarrelsome battle between friends and presumed money grubbers from all around the world. Since Tuapc?s profane rap lyrics and violent mishaps had made him a questionable figure, people still want his money. Even though everyone wants his money Tupac's mom is still going to get her fare share, by suing Death Row for the massive fraud and conspiracy, this settlement could push Tupac's estate value to $50 million, In the end they hope that Tupac will rest in peace. Music

A 5-Step Guide to Revising Your Writing

A 5-Step Guide to Revising Your Writing When writing a paper, getting your thoughts collected, organized and onto paper is the first major hurdle. This alone is enough to send some students into a panic as they feel the pressure is on to churn out a final draft on their first try. The truth is that the first draft of your paper should be little more than an extended stream of consciousness on which you can build, tweak and finally produce your masterpiece. Revising your paper doesnt have to be difficult, though. Heres well give you a 5 step road map to revising that rough draft into the literary masterpiece you know it can be. Step 1: Just Write! The first step is to just get your thoughts down onto paper. Many times, this is one of the hardest steps since staring at a blank page can be intimidating for even the most seasoned writers. To get the ball rolling, begin by setting up a loose outline of what you want to write. Even if your rough draft outline begins with just vague ideas, questions to yourself and off topic tangents, it doesnt matter. This is simply meant to give you a framework on which to build. Bulk out your outline with quotes, statistics and other facts to act as touchstones throughout the paper. As you copy and paste facts, figures or relevant quotes, be sure youre keeping all sources in a separate document. For now, dont worry about formatting, spelling, grammar or even lucidity. See also How to write an introduction to an essay and How to begin and end your essay. Step 2: Begin Tying it Together Now that you have a basic framework, you can start tying everything together. This draft should be more cohesive and you can consider it your Working Draft. You may still go off on unrelated tangents and theres still no need to worry about spelling or grammar. You should, however, focus on tying arguments into your main point. You can help this process by identifying your papers main point establishing the point of the paper (to inform, argue, defend, etc) write your thesis statement (highlight this or put it in bold so you can find it easily as you continue to write) make sure each paragraph has a topic sentence and evidence or support directly connected to it get rid of off topic sections (if you think they could come in useful later, save them to a different file) This will help you bring the paper together and, by now, it should start reading more fluently. Read through it a second time and continue to cut the fat until it reads well and doesnt have a lot of superfluous information that could distract readers. Step 3: Read it Like a Reader The best way to check this step off the list is to sleep on it. Once you have a working draft, save everything and then dont look at it again for at least a day. Then, sit down and read it with your reader in mind. Consider the arguments they may come up with against your point or how they may interpret some of your conclusions. Look for any spots of fuzzy logic and begin to highlight and fix any problems in structure, grammar, spelling or in the way the paper flows. If you find sections jumping around too much, use transition paragraphs to help make it easier to follow. Move around paragraphs or entire sections if thats what it takes to make the paper easier to follow for readers. Step 4: Read it Out Loud Reading through your paper out loud engages your hearing which can help you identify misplaced punctuation and also helps to engage other parts of your brain which can boost creativity. Read from a hard copy so that you can easily make notes as you go through the paper. You can also record your reading so that you can just make verbal notes which may help since you wont have to stop and write things down. You can also highlight clunky areas on your hard copy to come back and rework later. Step 5: Get Critical Now is the time to read through your paper with a truly critical eye. Once youve added your notes from your final reading and tightened up the paper, its time to read it like you want to find something wrong. Get as critical as you can and highlight any areas that dont read well or which seem confusing. You should have some idea of what your instructor wants as well as what they are likely to focus on. Does this professor love shooting holes in a students argument? Look for any tiny loophole and address it in the relevant section. Or maybe its a professor who looks for errors in formatting, bibliography or footnotes. Tweak the paper with the reader in mind in order to deliver a perfectly tailored paper.

Life and Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life and Death - Essay Example In other words, as Brookes (20) says, it is the infinite in the finite. Before joining the class, I was of the belief that war is justifiable as a means to protect the innocent. However, the pacifist ideology made me confused as that is against any kind of violence. There are various opinions in this class of thought as some people in the pacifist group think war is justifiable if it is used for defense purposes while some are totally against any violence. However, the question arose in my mind if it is justifiable to stay silent and inactive when one witnesses atrocities in society, say in another country. I thought of the military action undertaken by NATO in various nations when there are large scale human rights violations. Then, one will have to admit that abstaining from war against the erring will cause more damage to the innocent than resorting to war. Thus, I reached the realization that in the case of war, the only possible conclusion is ‘end justifies means’. In total, my opinion seemed closer to Just War Theory that intends to set some moral and political criteria that justify war. At this juncture, some people opine that if this is the case, terrorism too gains justifiable grounds. However, in my opinion, terrorism is in no way justifiable. There are two reasons that make terrorism unacceptable and different from war. Terrorism intentionally aims the innocent while the kind of war I support intends to protect the innocent. Moreover, while war is intended to impose the wish of the majority on a minority, terrorism is the attempt to achieve the goals of a minority against the wish of majority. Thus, terrorism does not have a rational ‘end’ to justify the means. In total, while war enjoys the support of Utilitarianism, terrorism enjoys the support of none. Regarding Euthanasia, I realized how difficult it is to reach a logical conclusion about the morality in it. Firstly, there is the Utilitarian theory of John Stuart Mill ac cording to which the action that produces maximum happiness to the greatest number is the best approach. Thus, it becomes evident that the acceptability of mercy killing, according to Utilitarianism, is purely dependent on how the patient and his family accept it. However, as Warburton (57) points out, someone who advocates deontologist ideology may claim that one should not think about the consequences and must strictly adhere to the commandment ‘Thou shalt not kill’. Here, it becomes evident that while taking moral judgments in euthanasia, one will be forced to strictly follow one ethical theory and forget the rest. So, as in the case of war, there are instances where killing is the best solution and hence justifiable. In addition, there is the issue of the morality of abortion. In fact there are a number of ethical questions associated with abortion. The first is when a fetus should be considered as a human being. As far as this question remains unanswered by the sci ence fraternity, I find it difficult to answer the question. If the fetus is considered as a human being, the question will be if it is right to kill a human being. However, it seems that all ethical theories agree on the fact that an innocent person should not be killed. However, various groups possess various assumptions about when to consider a fetus as a human being. Even if a fetus is considered as a human being, there are circumstances like war when human beings are killed. So, in my opinion, abortion is justifiable, but depends on the ‘end’ the action wants to achieve. Thus, in total, it seems that all

Ersatz Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ersatz Happiness - Essay Example However, this kind of euphoria is clearly false and robs a person’s right to a substantial life. The different characters in the story also portray hints that being in the new world is not really satisfactory. In the same sense, all the other methods that the Utopians have such as the â€Å"feelies† in order to have a â€Å"happy† life are blemished. The feelies is a kind of a movie theater that is supposed to be the main source of entertainment. In this cinema, the senses are falsely generated. Thus, Utopian’s ersatz happiness equates to a meaningless existence. The author, Huxley, cautions his readers against scientific utopianism. Though his novel was published in 1932, the principles that may be derived from his work are still quite applicable today. Unlike the contemporary utopian novels of his time such as â€Å"A Modern Utopia† by H.G. Wells, he sought to picture a pessimistic future. This may be influenced by the industrial revolution that w as quite apparent in the 20th century. There were also particular companies that advocated advancements concerning science and technology such as Imperial Chemical Companies (ICI). In its prime, it was known as the â€Å"biggest chemical group in the UK† (Bawden 1). This may have influenced Huxley’s portrayal of pharmacological achievements. ... A number of them could have viewed cutting-edge science as a savior. In addition, due to the unemployment at that time, the use of marijuana was introduced by Mexican immigrants (Monroy 27). Some people used this psychoactive drug to escape reality and experience a moment of elation. This is somehow parallel with Soma which was used to annihilate negative moods. In the story, there are indications that the Utopians felt that something was missing in their existence. They have occasional inklings of dissatisfaction. â€Å"Happiness is not a static state. Even the happiest of people- the cheeriest 10% -feel blue at times† (Wallis 2). There is a need to experience painful emotion to truly feel happiness. It is the healthy combination of negative and positive emotion that helps people to make a sense of reality. Without feeling low, it is difficult to realize the opposite. Hence, the people in the new world did not really have euphoria in the real sense. The difference between the so called perfect world and that of the outside is portrayed when the difference between the Savage Reservation and the new world was described. This is especially noticeable in John who was known as â€Å"the savage†. He spent his early childhood in the Reservation and was brought to Utopia. Indeed, he did not have the culture that denotes a very stable society. However, he still possessed quite humane characteristics such as truthfulness as well as benevolence. Comparably, people who are genuinely happy have more positive attributes. â€Å"Kindness might create a virtuous cycle that promotes lasting happiness and altruism† (Dixon, â€Å"Kindness Makes You Happy and Happiness Makes You Kind). According to the

The Collision of Two Cultures Essay Example for Free

The Collision of Two Cultures Essay The Collision of Two Cultures Implications of Cultural Values and Beliefs on Caring Concepts Abstract This paper is a personal response to Anne Fadiman’s book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. The paper includes a summary of the book, an overall impression of the reader, a discussion of three major themes evident in the book, and a description of a situation from the book and how the situation could be handled differently using references and material learned in 3020 Transcultural Nursing. Keywords: culture, cultural barriers, values and beliefs, language barrier, assimilation process The Collision of Two Cultures – Implications of Cultural Values and Beliefs on Caring Concepts After I finished my second summer semester this year I had 3 weeks break before starting fall semester, where I enrolled for this class. I had acquired my books already from a fellow student and went home to enjoy my three weeks of not studying; just working. As I was putting the books away at home, I started reading the back of Anne Fadiman’s book â€Å"The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down† where a journalist of The Washington Post referred to the book as utterly engaging, readable, and a superb piece of writing. Instead of storing the book I carried it upstairs and put it on my night table. That evening after I snuggled up in my bed I got to know Lia Lee, her parents, her doctors, and I learned about the struggles that were involved in caring for an ill child that sat between two cultures; the Hmong culture and the culture of American health care professionals. Anne Fadiman takes the reader on a cultural journey where she describes the case of Lia Lee, a Hmong infant that suffers from epilepsy. As she tells the story of Lia and her immigrant family that had to flee from their home country and eventually gained entrance into the United States, she reveals the history and cultural traditions of the Hmong people. Moreover, she describes how her parents and the medical community of Merced Medical Center in California strive to help Lia as they try to treat and care for the epileptic child each in their own way. The values and beliefs that both sides hold seem to be irreconcilable at the time because the two sides do not know enough about each other to even try to understand that both sides mean well and try their best to help Lea in her struggles to regain her health or control the condition. Fadiman details the misunderstandings that arise when two cultures come face-to-face but cannot understand each other. Lia arrives in the hospital with epileptic seizures which her parents blamed on a slammed door, a spirit catching Lia, and subsequent soul loss. To the western doctors, who know little about the Hmong people and their culture, Lia’s seizure was caused by dysfunction in her brain which can be treated with medication. The doctors are unaware of the fact that the Lee’s diagnosed Lia with â€Å"qaug dab peg† which is the Hmong word for epilepsy, though considered potentially dangerous in Hmong culture it also distinguishes a person and may be indicative of a possible future as a shaman. The Hmong, like American Indians, are circular thinkers who see universal connections in all things. The Hmong, unlike Americans, don’t split the mind and the body. To the Cartesian, linear thinking doctors, medical health cannot be restored by bargaining with spiritual powers and offering animal sacrifices. The book also touches on historical and political events which have shaped the character traits of Hmong and Americans. For centuries the Hmong have resisted persecution, manipulation, and domination by other Asian groups. They are a proud people and cherish their independence. The Hmong’s challenge of authority frustrated the American doctors who aren’t used to having their authority questioned. The Lees non compliance with the western medical treatment was rooted in their belief that the family makes the decisions for their children which in their culture is in the best interest of the child. The Lees were convinced that the medication regimen only made Lia more ill and refused or altered the medication regiment. The doctors retaliated and showed their power by removing Lia from her parent’s home to foster care where they hoped Lia’s condition would stabilize. However, there was that fear that lingered over the medical community in the Merced hospital that Lia would one day come in â€Å"with the big one†, the doctors called a grand mal seizure that would deprive the child of vital oxygen to her brain and either take her life or leave her in a vegetative state. Inevitably the day came that Lia suffered a grand mal seizure. Since, her higher brain function has ceased and she was left in a state that the western doctors described as dead, however, for the Lees it was the soul that had now left her body with no return. Lia was taken home from the hospital where the medical team thought she would die soon after. However, the Lees loving competent care kept her alive, a life that in western value and belief system is not worth living, whereas the Hmong see it as a variation of nature and care for Lia even more, still hoping that her soul may return to her body one day. After finishing the book, I caught myself thinking that maybe Lia’s soul would one day return to her body. I truly enjoyed reading this cross-cultural account that is full of knowledge and derives wisdom from people of different life-ways. Somehow, the book allows the reader to step out of one’s own culture and look at the world like a Hmong. Recognition of cultural differences is important in a country that consists of mostly immigrants. As people of one country we want to take care of each other, understand each other, and live with each other. Therefore, people need to get to know each other and understand the cultural backgrounds, value and belief systems. That is my opinion as a person. Looking at the book from the perspective of a nurse makes it even more valuable. I have always liked the idea of culturally congruent care and have tried to incorporate it in my daily practice as a nurse. After reading this book, however, my perception of cultural care has changed. Anne Fadiman has spent years on her research on Hmong culture and her goal to make people understand the vast differences in values and beliefs of people from cultures that are different than main stream culture here in America. Her efforts make it possible for other people to embrace the knowledge she has collected and hopefully people are able to use the knowledge to make a difference in somebody else’s life; somebody else, like Lia. Fadimans book illustrates how much time, commitment, and energy is necessary to understand another cultures perspective on health and wellness and to translate that understanding into the day-to-day practice of medicine and caring. Incorporating cultural beliefs into medical care can go a long way to help people cope with illnesses. â€Å"A little medicine and a little neeb†, is what Nao Kao, Lia’s Dad said. In these simple words is hidden much of the truth that would have helped the Lees to cope better and comply more with Lia’s medication regimen. If the outcome would have been different is questionable, however, the cultural aspect of Lia’s care was disregarded by the medical staff, both nurses and doctors and led to more complication than necessary. The involvement of a twix neeb would not have harmed Lia’s medical treatment; it would have enhanced it. The twix neeb, a shaman conducts his work on a metaphysical plane. He usually mediates between the earthly and the spiritual world, however, there is no evidence that this treatment hurts anybody (Fadiman, 1997, p. 267). According to Dwight Conquergood, who has seen medication bottles on the altars of neebs, they do not resist medications, rather they incorporate it in the heeling process (Fadiman, 1991, p. 268). The book delivers much food for thought for whom ever is hungry for it, but it is especially useful for medical staff and doctors who dedicate their work to helping others. Anne Fadiman makes clear that we treat people and not diseases or body parts. On that note, she quotes William Osler who said â€Å"Ask not what disease the person has, but rather what person has the disease† (Fadiman, 1997, p. 75). The major theme in Fadiman’s book is cultural barriers. Language, cultural values and beliefs, and immigration status play an extensive role in assimilation and acculturation to a new society. The language barrier that the Lee’s experienced along with their different values and beliefs made it difficult for the Lees and the Merced medical staff to communicate with each oth er to navigate the treatment for Lia. Through Fadiman’s book, it becomes clear that language is an expression of cultural beliefs. In Hmong language epilepsy is explained in spiritual terms and is, therefore, an expression of their culture that is rooted in the natural and spiritual world. In English epilepsy is explained as a disturbance of brain function, which expresses western values and beliefs that are based on knowledge derived from science. The use of translators only added to the miscommunication of the two sides, especially the use of unskilled people like a janitor or an aid which they used in this case. Fadiman states that cultural brokers are needed to help a situation where the divide between cultures is extensive. In one of his interviews with Fadiman, Neil Ernst, the pediatrician involved in Lia’s care describes the cultural barrier as being a layer of saran wrap between the Lee’s and the medical staff of Merced Medical Center. He states that, you could get somehow into the area where you thought you reached them but you could never be sure that they understood. In 1980 when the Lee’s came to America cross-cultural medicine and care concepts were perceived by the medical community as form of political bamboozlement. Physicians felt that these ideas were an assault on their rationality rather than a potentially lifesaving therapy (Fadiman, 1997, p. 273). Fadiman’s book was a necessity to open the road for cultural congruent care concepts. It serves as a testimony that ethnocentrism on behalf of a majority culture could prohibit people from seeking care or negatively influence the outcome. The description of birth practices and beliefs in Hmong culture is a good example for inhibiting people to seek care. Prenatal care is highly valued in western culture, however, in Hmong culture where our understanding of medical care is nonexistent women take care of their needs. Even in the process of giving birth, as Fadiman describes in the first chapter they deliver their babies by themselves. If help is needed, the husband is utilized to aid in the birth of a Hmong baby. The Hmong women came to the hospital to give birth only because they had heard that if they do not deliver the baby in the hospital it will not be accepted as American citizen and they could not collect money from the government. If it wasn’t for this misconception, the women would have avoided the hospitalization. The Hmong people were political refugees. Fadiman pictures the Hmong as extremely different from typical immigrants who are grateful and happy to have landed in America, the land of opportunity and freedom. As a group, the Hmong have a history of vehemently resisting assimilation. The Hmong refugees were not here because they wanted to be; they were here because they had no other choice. The CIA-led â€Å"quiet war† in Laos had destroyed their homeland villages and made life as they knew it impossible. The life that the refugees found in the United States was strikingly different from their life in the mountains or in the refugee camp in Thailand. The culture shock caused many to cling more zealously to the old ways and to one another. This explains, at least in part, why after being in the United States for a number of years, the Lees appeared to speak virtually no English. Fadiman claims that Lia’s mother, even after being in the U. S. for several years, had no idea how to operate the family telephone. In Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care, Andrews and Boyle list many factors that affect the process of assimilation and acculturation to a new culture. As first generation immigrants, the Lees came to this country as a middle aged couple with their children. Whereas, Foua, Nao Kao and their peers had many difficulties getting used to the new life the book reveals that their children embraced the new experience and grew up to be bicultural. As involuntary immigrants the first wave of Hmong people clung more to their cultural traditions as voluntary immigrants would do. Fadiman chronicles migration patterns of Hmong people inside the United States. After landing here the Hmong were dispersed across many states to divide the financial burden among the communities. However, the Hmong did not want to live apart from each other in this strange new environment. So against governmental plans they settled in large groups to practice their traditions and help each other. Therefore, the assimilation to the new culture was slowed and delayed. Educational status is another factor that slows assimilation. The Hmong’s educational level was not comparable to western standards. As an indigenous mountain tribe who lived off their land knowledge was limited to what was necessary to survive in that environment. However, when the Hmong came to the United States the pattern of knowledge that was needed to survive changed drastically. To gain entrance into a society different than your own a new set of knowledge needs to be acquired to compete for resources. Caring for people from a culture that has a different set of values and beliefs takes understanding and knowledge on the behalf of the professional that delivers the care. In nursing delivering cultural congruent care is a concept that was established by Madeleine Leininger who developed the theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality (George, 2010, p. 404). In their care practice nurses need to consider the interrelationship of cultural care, well-being, health, illness, and death as it is viewed by people from different cultures (George, 2010, p. 11). The approach should be holistic and explore multidimensional ways of caring. The nurse should seek to discover cultural care universalities and diversities and be able to apply it. Cultural care preservation, accommodation, and restructuring are key concepts of cultural congruent care delivery. Applying my knowledge from this class to the care of Lia I would have tried to establish a working relationship with the family and the ir twix neeb to preserve and maintain their values and beliefs. The involvement of the neeb would have shown Lia’s family that their values and beliefs were acknowledged and not disregarded. Moreover, the twix neeb could have acted as negotiator to ensure that the Lee’s adhered to the medication regiment. Fadiman describes situations in the hospital where Lia was put in restraints to not interrupt her medical treatment by pulling on tubes and IV lines. The Lees were enraged about the restraints and tried to free her from the coercion of force that was administered by the medical professional at Merced Medical Center. Involving a cultural broker like Fadiman terms it would have helped to concert the different views of treatment. The Lees wanted to care for her daughter by holding her and having her close, however, the medical staff wanted to maintain their treatment modalities to get Lia the medical treatment that she needed. A holistic approach is of utmost importance and maybe some agreement could be made to how the parents could have held and be close to Lia without interfering with the treatment modalities. Restructuring Lia’s environment and treatment would have been a matter of more sensitivity on behalf of the medical professionals involved. Foster care did not improve Lia’s condition and the coercion of power on the Lee’s did not improve their compliance or strengthen their beliefs in western medicine and treatments. A more sensitive approach through home care services might have been more effective in the treatment of Lia’s epilepsy. Teaching the Lees how to read a clock, how to use the Gregorian calendar, would have been a useful approach to improve Lia’s condition. Community classes on western values and beliefs would also be of interest to help people from different cultures to assimilate to main stream culture. The tragedy is that both the doctors and the family genuinely wanted to help Lia, but their lack of communication and inability to understand each other, culturally, and linguistically, made mutual efforts impossible. Anne Fadiman’s research effort created a valuable resource for people in curing and caring professions. Understanding the importance of incorporating cultural values and beliefs in the deliverance of care can make a difference in somebody else’s life.

Lost Innocence in The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by John Boyne :: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, John Boyne

Evil can be glossed over by innocence but in the end subsumes it. This is vividly conveyed by John Boyne in The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, a powerful narrative of lost innocence set in Nazi Germany. It all begins simply enough. Nine-year-old Bruno has to suddenly leave a familiar and beloved home where he could slide five floors down on a fine banister, and move with his parents and his twelve year old sister Gretel to a place called ‘Out With', where Father was going to be doing a very important job. ‘ The Fury' had dined with them the week before, and after that Bruno's father was given a brand new assignment, and as Bruno's mother told him, he would now have to wear a grander uniform than the one he had been wearing. So the family, with their entourage of staff and servants, leaves bustling Berlin. Sadly for Bruno, he has to also leave behind his three best friends, not to mention his beloved grandparents; he has to move far away to a much smaller, sequestered house with only Gretel (whom he thinks of as a Hopeless Case) for company. From his bedroom window, homesick Bruno can see groups of people in the distance, all in striped pyjamas moving about slowly behind a tall and endless wire fence. And because Bruno loves exploring, he soon sets out to find out more, although when he had asked his father who the people in the striped pyjamas were, his father had said that they were not people. The language and structure of this novel, The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by the Irish writer John Boyne, labelled as young adult fiction in early editions, is deceptively simple. But this is definitely a book that adults must read; it is a fable set in living history that will jolt readers of all ages. Paradoxical While evil hiding among us is an ancient theme (as Agatha Christie once said), in this book evil is the base, glossed over by an innocence that is at one level redemptive, but at another level shocking. Bruno is the much loved child of a Nazi Commandant; but he is also an endearing little boy who adores his parents, is frustrated in typical sibling fashion with his pre-teen older sister, and in all aspects a solid little fellow; curious, full of energy and also trusting and innocent in a manner that sometimes seems a bit paradoxical for someone as intelligent as he is.

Main types of state and independent schools.

1.1 Identify the main types of state and independent schools. 1.2 Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stages and school governance.Community schools These are run by the Local Education Authority and are funded by the state via the local authority. These schools follow the national curriculum. The LEA usually owns and has responsibility for all buildings and premises as well as employing staff and admissions.Voluntary controlled schools These schools have a religious affiliation (predominantly Church of England) and are funded by central government via the local authority. The LEA are responsible for the land and buildings although these are typically owned by a charitable foundation who also appoint about a quarter of the schools governors. The LEA are responsible for employing staff and admissions and pupils follow the national curriculum.Voluntary aided schools These schools also have a religious affiliation and are largely fun ded by the state although a trust or foundation, represented by a proportion of the schools governors, provide some funds for buildings etc. These schools have more autonomy than voluntary controlled schools and the governors are responsible for employing staff and admissions. They follow the national curriculum and are also advised and supported by the LEA.Foundation schools These are state funded via the LEA, who also have responsibility for buildings and premises as well as curriculum and a supporting and advisory role. Governors are responsible for employing staff.Free schools These are state funded directly with no links to the LEA. Governors are responsible for employing staff and admissions as well as buildings and premises. Pupils do not follow the national curriculum. This type of school can be set up by any group applying to the government, but they must adhere to strict rules.Academies State funded with no link to LEA. Governors are responsible for employing staff and adm issions as well as buildings and premises. pupils do not have to follow the national curriculum but must meet the core subject requirements. They are self governing and most are constituted as registered charities and may also have corporate sponsors.Independent (private) schools Privately funded and usually fee paying. The owners are responsible for buildings and premises as well as employing staff and admissions. they do not have to follow the national curriculum but they have to be registered with the Department for Education and inspected by an independent schools inspectorate.Educational Stages and Age GroupsNursery & Reception Year 1 & 2 Year 3-6 Year 7-9 Years 10 & 11 Years 12 & 13foundation 3-5yrs key stage 1 5-7yrs key stage 2 7-11yrs key stage 3 11-14yrs key stage 4 14-16yrs key stage 5 16-18yrs Nursery 3-4Infants 4-5 5-7Junior7-11Primary 4-5 5-7 7-11Secondary11-14 14-16 may have sixth form First 4-5 5-7 7-8 or 9Middle8 or 9-11 11-13Upper13- 166th form college16-18 Special schools all age ranges and stages

Machiavelli s The Power Of Fear Essay - 2150 Words

Machiavelli’s: The power of fear All animals experience fear - an overwhelmingly disturbing force of the mind that has the power to sway, distort and rupture the conventions of the psyche. Any animal incapable of fear would have been hard pressed to survive, regardless of its size, speed, or other attributes. Fear alerts us to dangers that threaten our well-being and sometimes our very lives. Sensing fear, we respond by running away, by hiding, or by preparing to ward off the danger. The concept of fear in political terms was first brought into light by Niccolà ² di Bernardo dei Machiavelli, who was an Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer. He has often been called the founder of modern political science. He was for many years a senior official in the Florentine Republic, with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He also wrote comedies, carnival songs, and poetry. He wrote his most renowned work The Prince (Il Principe) in 1513 during the turbulent d ays of the Renaissance Medici’s, as a set of pragmatic instructions to a new prince on how to gain and retain power. The originality of his ideas has been challenged and shown to go back at least to the Athenians, yet the influence of Machiavelli s words still rings around the world. The term â€Å"Machiavellianism† [1] comes from him which is the employment of cunning and duplicity in statecraft or in general conduct. Machiavelli separates public and private morality.Show MoreRelatedNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince1719 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli’s, The Prince, a book written by Niccolà ² Machiavelli, is a read that most people wouldn’t prefer to read as a first option but in defense to Niccolo, it brings out many themes such as Goodwill and Hatred, Free will, and Human Nature. â€Å"It is known from his personal correspondence that The Prince was written during 1513, the year after the Medici took control of Florence, and a few months after Machiavelli s arrest, torture, and banishment by the Medici regime† (Bio.com). The novel wasRead More The Use of Immorality in Order to Achieve Popular Rule Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout The Prince and The Discourses of Livy, Niccolo Machiavelli demonst rates multiple theories and advocacies as to why popular rule is important to the success of a state. Popular rule is a term that will be used to define an indirect way to govern the people of a state. In order to rule the masses, a leader must please the people or revolts will occur, causing mayhem and a lack of stability in oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s state. During both written works, Machiavelli stresses the importance of obedience and order neededRead MoreKant And The Prince Niccolo Di Bernardo Dei Machiavelli978 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophers Immanuel Kant and The Prince Niccolo di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (1469-1527?) Manifest their theories on the portrayal of society and how discipline and authority regulate us. Kant expresses his theory in his â€Å"What is Enlightenment?† (1784) Essay where he describes the immaturity of men is what makes authority able to control us and in contrast, Machiavelli deliberately addresses how to be a leader with the power of fear and tr uth. 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Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy in 1469 to a middleclass family. The time in which Machiavelli lived Italy as a country was not united but divide and split into little providences and republics. He latter became responsible for the Florentine militia against the Medici government and rule. When the Medici power reclaimed Florence Machiavelli was arrested for conspiracy he was tortured and then banished from FlorenceRead MoreEssay about Machiavellian Concepts on the Use of Fear 1059 Words   |  5 Pageshe discussed the use of fear as a political tool to maintain the state. He argued that fear when properly directed could generate loyalty and bolster the support of the government. He went on to write that fear was only powerful when wielded with care and when abused could quickly become counterproductive and result in being hated by the people. Fear was potent because it was the prince’s creation. Unlike love that is given to the prince and can easily be t aken away, fear is the prince’s tool andRead MoreMachiavelli s Principles Of Princedom1449 Words   |  6 PagesMachiavelli’s Principles of Princedom When reading The Prince by Niccolà ³ Machiavelli, one will find a vast list of ways a prince should and should not act/rule. Many of the references Machiavelli makes, expands from Europe to Egypt. The propositions in this book go back to the fifteenth century and early sixteenth century. Starting with who Machiavelli is, the purpose of this paper is to explain some of his philosophies on how an ideal prince rules and acts, along with the conditions of his timeRead MoreConnections Between Hitler And The Prince1307 Words   |  6 PagesConnections between Hitler and The Prince Hitler said, â€Å"Germany will either be a world power or will not be at all† (â€Å"Adolf Hitler Quote†). Adolph Hitler became the leader of the German Nazi party in 1933. His leadership was both loved and despised. He controlled the Nazi party for more than a decade (â€Å"Adolph Hitler†). Considering the length of Hitler’s reign, he must have had leadership qualities that people found admirable or they feared him so greatly that no one would attempt to overthrow